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debian stable bootstrap

apk add debootstrap arch-install-scripts

 

prepare partition 

doas mkfs.ext4 -O ^has_journal   /dev/nvme0n1p3

doas mount /dev/nvme0n1p3 /mnt

 

bootstrap using debootstrap 

 --print-debs for listing pkg to be installed 


debian

available releases are stable,testing,unstable
debootstrap --variant=minbase  stable /mnt http://deb.debian.org/debian/
debootstrap --include=apt,bash,dpkg stable  /mnt http://deb.debian.org/debian/
 

ubuntu 

 sudo debootstrap --arch amd64   jammy http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ 

--extractor =ar if you are using old apt without zstd support to install new image

 

devuan

http://deb.devuan.org/merged/dists/ 

https://git.devuan.org/devuan/debootstrap/src/branch/suites/unstable/scripts/chimaera

doas debootstrap --arch amd64 chimaera /mnt  http://deb.devuan.org/merged

/usr/share/debootstrap/scripts/Chimaera


security updates 

nano /etc/apt/sources.list

deb http://deb.devuan.org/merged chimaera main contrib non-free

deb http://deb.devuan.org/merged chimaera-security main 

deb http://deb.devuan.org/merged chimaera-updates main 

 

 

mirrorlist generator 

https://debgen.simplylinux.ch/ 
 
 
add security updates to apt 
cat   /mnt/etc/apt/sources.list                                      
deb http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy main universe restricted
deb http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-security main universe restricted
deb http://np.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu jammy-updates  main universe restricted

  apt install initramfs-tools efibootmgr iwd resolvconf ubuntu-drivers-common  linux-oem-22.04 
 
 
oem dirver is hardware specific . find your own.
 
 
debconf configure needs dialog based frontend  : whiptail,dialog,xdialog,
cat  /usr/share/perl5/Debconf/FrontEnd/Dialog.pm  to see  how frontends are called 
 1. Dialog    3. Gnome  5. Editor
  2. Readline  4. Kde    6. Noninteractive 
dpkg-reconfigure --frontend dialog debconf 

 dpkg-reconfigure debconf   
dpkg-reconfigure tzdata
dpkg-reconfigure locales
dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration 
  dpkg-reconfigure console-setup


 
sudo update-alternatives --config editor
 
/etc/default/keyboard 
/etc/default/console-setup 
 

## setting hostname 

echo "hostname" > /etc/hostname
echo "127.0.1.1 hostname" >> /etc/hosts

 

install from alpine linux 

doas apk add debootstrap

 doas  debootstrap   kali-rolling  ~/kali/   http://http.kali.org/kali  

maybe --variant=minbase 

without systemd cant use sway,gtk3 or any adveance wm /de on debian/kali

 

 

CHROOT into /mnt

doas arch-chroot /mnt
export TERM=linux 
source /etc/profile
 

custom chroot script if no  arch-install-scripts 

nano arch-chroot
  mount --rbind /dev /mnt/dev && mount --make-rslave /mnt/dev
 mount --rbind /dev/pts /mnt/dev/pts && mount --make-rslave /mnt/dev/pts
 mount --rbind /proc /mnt/proc && mount --make-rslave /mnt/proc
 mount --rbind /sys /mnt/sys && mount --make-rslave /mnt/sys
 cp --dereference  /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/etc
chroot  /mnt /bin/bash   
 sudo bash arch-chroot

Repo config and add security,update repo

source list generator 
https://debgen.simplylinux.ch/
 
apt install neofetch --no-install-recommends 
 apt install nano --no-install-recommends
 nano /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ stable main

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ stable-updates main
deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security stable-security main 
 

cat /etc/sources.list.d/debian.sources 
Types: deb
# http://snapshot.debian.org/archive/debian/20230919T000000Z
URIs: http://deb.debian.org/debian
Suites: sid   
Components: main
Signed-By: /usr/share/keyrings/debian-archive-keyring.gpg 

https://www.debian.org/security/#keeping-secure

 

multimedia repo 

read first https://www.deb-multimedia.org/  mat have problem in upding  due to pkg  conflicts
 apt install curl wget apt-transport-https dirmngr  


###### 3rd Party Binary Repos
###Debian Multimedia
deb [arch=amd64,i386] https://www.deb-multimedia.org buster main non-free 
 

 remove some files from dpkg

cat /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/excludes
# Drop locales except English
path-exclude=/usr/share/locale/*
path-include=/usr/share/locale/en/*
path-include=/usr/share/locale/en@quot/*
path-include=/usr/share/locale/en@boldquot/*
path-include=/usr/share/locale/en@shaw/*
path-include=/usr/share/locale/en_US/*
path-include=/usr/share/locale/locale.alias


# Drop translated manual pages except english
path-exclude=/usr/share/man/*
path-include=/usr/share/man/man[1-9]/*
path-include=/usr/share/man/en*/*


 apt install nnn  -no-install-recommends

run nnn as root and remove residue dir in /usr/share/locale,man

nnn /usr/share/locale
space on folder to  keep and shift a to reverse selection  and x  and  s and y to delete  
nnn /usr/share/man 
 

clean locale 

 /var/lib/locales/supported.d/

/etc/default/locale 

 update-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8
/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED

cat /etc/locale.gen 

 sudo locale-gen

sudo  locale-gen --purge en_US.UTF-8

locale -a
localedef --list-archive
localectl list-locales
 
sudo locale-a 
sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales
   


  • apt/apt-get clean → cleans the packages and install script in /var/cache/apt/archives/
  • apt/apt-get autoclean → cleans obsolete deb-packages, less than clean
  • apt/apt-get autoremove → removes orphaned packages which are not longer needed from the system, but not purges them, use the --purge option together with the command for that.

 

apt disable recommend package


list  file downloaded are from 
http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/stable/main/binary-amd64/
gz=12M,12M,  
xz=8.5M,9.8M
saved in /var/lib/apt/lists/ as extracted or comressed format( if specified to )  main , contrib, non-free, non-free-firmware  
 

 sudo nano /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/90recommend

APT::Install-Recommends "0";

 APT::Install-Suggests "0"; 

Apt::AutoRemove::SuggestsImportant "0";

 APT::AutoRemove::RecommendsImportant "0";

 

disable downloading translated package name index

/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99translations 

Acquire::Languages "none";

 

 # Disable source package cache which most users will never use

Dir::Cache::srcpkgcache "";


##dont etxtract package list, some operation like apt show pkgname becomes slow (anything that reads package list)

Acquire::GzipIndexes "true";

 

Acquire::IndexTargets::deb::Packages::KeepCompressedAs "xz";
Acquire::IndexTargets::deb::Translations::KeepCompressedAs "xz";
Acquire::IndexTargets::deb-src::Sources::KeepCompressedAs "xz";

 

#default lz4 is kept  


another style /etc/apt.conf.d/all

-------------------------------------------------------

APT {
Install-Recommends "0";
Install-Suggests "0";
Autoremove {
SuggestsImportant "0";
RecommendsImportant "0";
};

};

Acquire {
Languages "none";
GzipIndexes "1";
};

Dir::Cache::srcpkgcache "";

-------------------------------------------------------


expalination:

Option: APT::AutoRemove::RecommendsImportant
Default: true
Description: If this option is true, the aptitude will not consider packages to be unused (and thus will not automatically remove them) as long as any installed package recommends them, even if APT::Install-Recommends is false. For more information, see the section called “Managing automatically installed packages”.

 

Option: APT::AutoRemove::SuggestsImportant
Default: true
Description: If this option is true, then aptitude will not consider packages to be unused (and thus will not automatically remove them) as long as any installed package suggests them. For more information, see the section called “Managing automatically installed packages”.

 

Option: APT::Install-Recommends
Default: true
Description: If this option is true and Aptitude::Auto-Install is true, then whenever you mark a package for installation, aptitude will also mark the packages it recommends for installation. Furthermore, if this option is true, aptitude will not consider packages to be unused (and thus will not automatically remove them) as long as any installed package reommends them. For more information, see the section called “Managing automatically installed packages” and the section called “Immediate dependency resolution”.

 

GzipIndexes
           When downloading gzip compressed indexes (Packages, Sources, or
           Translations), keep them gzip compressed locally instead of
           unpacking them. This saves quite a lot of disk space at the expense
           of more CPU requirements when building the local package caches.
           False by default.

 
CompressionTypes
           List of compression types which are understood by the acquire
           methods. Files like Packages can be available in various
           compression formats. By default the acquire methods can decompress
           and recompress many common formats like xz and gzip; with this
           scope the supported formats can be queried, modified as well as
           support for more formats added (see also APT::Compressor). The
           syntax for this is:

               Acquire::CompressionTypes::FileExtension "Methodname";

           Also, the Order subgroup can be used to define in which order the
           acquire system will try to download the compressed files. The
           acquire system will try the first and proceed with the next
           compression type in this list on error, so to prefer one over the
           other type simply add the preferred type first - types not already
           added will be implicitly appended to the end of the list, so e.g.

               Acquire::CompressionTypes::Order:: "gz";

           can be used to prefer gzip compressed files over all other
           compression formats. If xz should be preferred over gzip and bzip2
           the configure setting should look like this:

               Acquire::CompressionTypes::Order { "xz"; "gz"; };

           It is not needed to add bz2 to the list explicitly as it will be
           added automatically. 
 
Note that the Dir::Bin::Methodname will be checked at run time. If
           this option has been set and support for this format isn't directly
           built into apt, the method will only be used if this file exists;
           e.g. for the bzip2 method (the inbuilt) setting is:

               Dir::Bin::bzip2 "/bin/bzip2";

           Note also that list entries specified on the command line will be
           added at the end of the list specified in the configuration files,
           but before the default entries. To prefer a type in this case over
           the ones specified in the configuration files you can set the
           option direct - not in list style. This will not override the
           defined list; it will only prefix the list with this type.

           The special type uncompressed can be used to give uncompressed
           files a preference, but note that most archives don't provide
           uncompressed files so this is mostly only usable for local mirrors. 

       PDiffs
           Try to download deltas called PDiffs for indexes (like Packages
           files) instead of downloading whole ones. True by default.
           Preferably, this can be set for specific sources.list(5) entries or
           index files by using the PDiffs option there.

           Two sub-options to limit the use of PDiffs are also available:
           FileLimit can be used to specify a maximum number of PDiff files
           should be downloaded to update a file.  SizeLimit on the other hand
           is the maximum percentage of the size of all patches compared to
           the size of the targeted file. If one of these limits is exceeded
           the complete file is downloaded instead of the patches. 
 

ignore/ban some package 

cat /etc/apt/preferences.d/ignored-packages
Package: grub-common grub2-common grub-pc grub-pc-bin grub-gfxpayload-lists
Pin: release *
Pin-Priority: -1

 

ubuntu blocklist  


Package: snapd cloud-init landscape-common popularity-contest ubuntu-advantage-tools
Pin: release *
Pin-Priority: -1      

 

 

testing using systemd as block 

 

remove residual config files ( dpkg -l  shows  ^rc)

dpkg --list |grep "^rc" | cut -d " " -f 3 | xargs sudo dpkg --purge 
 
 
 

 

install some package 

apt install bash-completion

. /etc/bash_completion 

apt install xserver-xorg-core 

apt install xserver-xorg-input-libinput

for runit 

runit still use sysv at 0 and 1 stage 

apt install runit-init 

 readlink -f  /sbin/init 

/usr/lib/runit/runit-init

 

for sysv

sudo apt install initscripts sysv-rc-conf sysvinit-core sysvinit-utils


pstree -Ap
 
id:runlevels:action:process
 
nano /etc/inittab 
 

Default runlevel

# The default runlevel.
 id:2:initdefault:
 

boot loader: sysvinit 

debian still maintains sysvinit init system for base packages only. systemd is only official supported 
 # Boot-time system configuration/initialization script.
  # This is run first except when booting in emergency (-b) mode.
  si::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
cat  /etc/init.d/rcS
#!/bin/sh
 # Call all S??* scripts in /etc/rcS.d/ in numerical/alphabetical order
  exec /etc/init.d/rc S

Runlevels 

# /etc/init.d executes the S and K scripts upon change
# of runlevel.
#
# Runlevel 0 is halt.
# Runlevel 1 S  is single-user.
# Runlevels 2-5 are multi-user.
# Runlevel 6 is reboot.

l0:0:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 0
l1:1:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 1
l2:2:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 2
l3:3:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 3
l4:4:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 4
l5:5:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 5
l6:6:wait:/etc/init.d/rc 6

 

Getty and logins 

# /sbin/getty invocations for the runlevels.
#
# The "id" field MUST be the same as the last
# characters of the device (after "tty").
#
# Format:
#  <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
#
# Note that on most Debian systems tty7 is used by the X Window System,
# so if you want to add more getty's go ahead but skip tty7 if you run X.
#
1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty --noclear 38400 tty1
2:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty2
#3:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty3
#4:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
#5:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
#6:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty6
 

Single-user boot

 # What to do in single-user mode.
~~:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin --force

# Normally not reached, but fallthrough in case of emergency.
z6:6:respawn:/sbin/sulogin --force

Ctrl+Alt+Del

# What to do when CTRL-ALT-DEL is pressed.
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

 

Power-sensing scripts

Init can communicate with your UPS device and execute processes based on the status of the UPS. Here are some examples: 

# What to do when the power fails/returns.
pf::powerwait:/etc/init.d/powerfail start
pn::powerfailnow:/etc/init.d/powerfail now
po::powerokwait:/etc/init.d/powerfail stop
 
 
switching runlevel
passing n to kernel parameter 
/sbin/telinit n 
telinit q causes init to re-examine inittab but not switch runlevel.
Warning: Always test a modified /etc/inittab with telinit q before you reboot, 
or a small syntax error can prevent your system from booting. 
 

man 5 inittab
man 8 init
   

Disable an init script

/sbin/update-rc.d <script name> remove

 

 https://web.archive.org/web/20181019155813/http://www.linux-tutorial.info/modules.php?name=MContent&pageid=65
 https://rs1.es/tutorials/2022/03/06/sysvinit.html#openrc

 

enable an init script

Create a symbolic link to /etc/rc<runlevel>.d/ 

update-rc.d test-init defaults

 


remove extra tty

rm  /etc/runit/runsvdir/current/getty-tty[3-6]


 

boot loader : systemd-boot

#using systemd-boot 

#sudo apt install systemd-boot

sudo apt install tiny-initramfs 

sudo apt install linux-image-amd64 

 

blkid to get uuid of root

 cat /etc/fstab 

UUID=9dc57367-b107-4c9f-9a76-150dc47ae249 / btrfs rw,noatime,compress=zstd:3,ssd,space_cache=v2,subvolid=5,subvol=/ 0 0



UUID=e0eeee06-09f6-41cc-a7ac-b0ff3f48fc9e /home ext4 rw,noatime 0 0

 

tips: you dont need fstab entry for root if you pass root parameter in kernel.

with arch-install-scripts  run as root user

 genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab

 

cat /mnt/loader/entries/debian.conf
title Kali
linux /vmlinuz-kali
initrd /initramfs-kali
 

 cat /mnt/loader/entries/kali.conf
title Kali
linux /vmlinuz-kali
initrd /initramfs-kali
options rd.driver.pre=btrfs  rootfstype=btrfs   root=UUID=9dc57367-b107-4c9f-9a76-150dc47ae249  rootflags=rw,noatime,compress  quiet



 

options  rootfstype=btrfs   root=UUID=9dc57367-b107-4c9f-9a76-150dc47ae249  rootflags=rw,noatime,subvolid=5,subvol=/  quiet

 

even without  subvol and compress parameter  it mounts fine.


options  rootfstype=ext4   root=UUID=9dc57367-b107-4c9f-9a76-150dc47ae249  rootflags=rw,noatime quiet loglevel=3 systemd.show_status=auto rd.udev.log_level=3

##with this  as kernel parameter you can remove fstab root entry to avoid wasting time remounting rootfs

 

noauto,x-systemd.automount for /home partition to fsck and mount on first access at fstab 

https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Improving_performance/Boot_process

cat /etc/tmpfiles.d/home.conf

silent boot

touch ~/.hushlogin

 rootflag in kernel 

quiet loglevel=3 systemd.show_status=auto rd.udev.log_level=3

Note that if you often receive Core temperature above threshold, cpu clock throttled messages in the kernel log, you need to use log level 2 to silence these at boot time. 

/etc/sysctl.d/20-quiet-printk.conf
kernel.printk = 3 3 3 3
 
agetty
/etc/systemd/system/[email protected]/skip-prompt.conf
[Service]
ExecStart=
ExecStart=-/usr/bin/agetty --skip-login --nonewline --noissue --autologin username --noclear %I $TERM 
https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Silent_boot 


https://github.com/RobertCsordas/arch-efiboot

 

 
apt install firmware-realtek sudo neofetch debsecan wpasupplicant linux-image-amd64
apt search linux-image 
 
 

Timezone 

dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

 

Localization

apt install locales
dpkg-reconfigure locales

 
locale -a
 cat /etc/default/locale 
LANG=en_US.UTF-8 

https://wiki.debian.org/Locale

apt install dialog

dpkg-reconfigure locale

 

 

keyboard 

 apt install console-setup
dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration 


Hostname

/etc/hostname 

name

/etc/hosts

127.0.0.1     localhost
::1             localhost
127.0.1.1    name
 

 

Network 

apt install iwd openresolv dbus


User accounts

passwd

adduser kai

passwd kai

adduser username wheel

apt install sudo

cat /etc/doas.d/doas.conf
doas (kai@(none)) password:
permit persist kai
permit nopass kai as root  cmd  brightnessctl
permit nopass kai as root  cmd  ntfs-3g
permit nopass kai as root  cmd  umount
 

#for non systemd or no polkit reboot

#permit nopass kai as root  cmd  reboot
#permit nopass kai as root  cmd  poweroff

 

for wifi

 sudo apt install iwd systemd-resolved 


 cat /etc/iwd/main.conf
[General]
EnableNetworkConfiguration=true
#AddressRandomization=network
#RoamThreshold=-70
#RoamThreshold5G=-76
[Network]
#EnableIPv6=true


systemctl enable iwd

systemctl enable systemd-resolved

ls -la /etc/resolv.conf
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 39 Feb 27 14:30 /etc/resolv.conf -> ../run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf

if its file/static fix it  

ln -rsf /run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf
 
apt install systemd-sysv apt install sway foot wofi alsa-utils apulse dbus-glib-1-2 libxtst6 

apt install   htop 


xorg only setup


 
 

 for iwctl without root

cat /usr/share/dbus-1/system.d/iwd-dbus.conf 
<policy group="kai">
<allow send_destination="net.connman.iwd"/>
</policy> 
 
 

download firefox 

mkdir ~/opt cd ~/opt https://download-installer.cdn.mozilla.net/pub/firefox/releases/110.0/linux-x86_64/en-US/firefox-110.0.tar.bz2 extract to ~/opt apt install lbzip2 tar xf   firefox-110.0.tar.bz2cat .bashrc export PATH=$HOME/.bin:$PATH
export NNN_OPENER=$HOME/.bin/nuke  cat .bin/firefox
apulse $HOME/opt/firefox/firefox $@ 

firmwares manual install

blutooth fw

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/tree/qca/rampatch_usb_00000302.bin

 https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/tree/qca/nvm_usb_00000302.bin

put in /lib/firmware/qca

wifi fw

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/tree/ath10k/QCA9377/hw1.0

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/plain/ath10k/QCA9377/hw1.0/board-2.bin

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/plain/ath10k/QCA9377/hw1.0/board.bin

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/plain/ath10k/QCA9377/hw1.0/firmware-5.bin

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/plain/ath10k/QCA9377/hw1.0/firmware-6.bin

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/plain/ath10k/QCA9377/hw1.0/firmware-sdio-5.bin

 

download and 

cd hw1.0

 mkdir -p /lib/firmware/ath10k/QCA9377/hw1.0

mv  * /lib/firmware/ath10k/QCA9377/hw1.0

 

intel graphics fw 

https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/firmware/linux-firmware.git/tree/i915

icl firmware put in /lib/firmware/i915

sudo apt remove firmware-linux-free 


intel tuning 
https://gist.github.com/Brainiarc7/aa43570f512906e882ad6cdd835efe57?permalink_comment_id=3036915
https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/intel_graphics#Enable_early_KMS 
https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Intel_graphics#Fastboot 
cat /etc/modprobe.d/i915.conf
options i915 fastboot=1 enable_fbc=1 enable_guc=3


list obsolete package 
apt list ?obsolete 
apt list ?essential
apt
base-files
base-passwd
bash
bsdutils
coreutils
dash
debianutils
diffutils
dpkg
findutils
grep
gzip
hostname
init-system-helpers
libc-bin
login
ncurses-base
ncurses-bin
perl-base
sed
sysvinit-utils
tar
util-linux 
  
apt list --installed | awk -F/ '/\[installed,local\]/{print $1}'


 nnn mimetype instead of file 
 sudo apt install libfile-mimeinfo-perl
 
mimetype -b build_kernel.sh
application/x-shellscript
 
nano .bashrc 
export NNN_OPENER=nuke 
nano nuke 
MIMETYPE="$( mimetype -b  "${FPATH}" )"
 
 
 Sensors
get temp
cat /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/type 
INT3400 Thermal
TSKN
TMEM
B0D4
x86_pkg_temp
sed 's/000$/°C/' /sys/class/thermal/thermal_zone*/temp
20°C
43050
45050
61050
61°C 
 
hwmon devices
readlink  -f  /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon*
/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.4/0000:02:00.0/nvme/nvme0/hwmon0
/sys/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/ACPI0003:00/power_supply/AC/hwmon1
/sys/devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0C0A:00/power_supply/BAT0/hwmon2
/sys/devices/platform/dell_smm_hwmon/hwmon/hwmon3
/sys/devices/platform/coretemp.0/hwmon/hwmon4 
 
cat /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon*/name
nvme
AC
BAT0
dell_smm
coretemp

for fan speed 
here hwmon3 has dell_smm so it has fan speed 
 cat  /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon3/fan1_input 

=============================== ======= =======================================
Name Perm Description
=============================== ======= =======================================
fan[1-3]_input RO Fan speed in RPM.
fan[1-3]_label RO Fan label.
fan[1-3]_min RO Minimal Fan speed in RPM
fan[1-3]_max RO Maximal Fan speed in RPM
fan[1-3]_target RO Expected Fan speed in RPM
pwm[1-3] RW Control the fan PWM duty-cycle.
pwm1_enable WO Enable or disable automatic BIOS fan
control (not supported on all laptops,
see below for details).
temp[1-10]_input RO Temperature reading in milli-degrees
Celsius.
temp[1-10]_label RO Temperature sensor label.
=============================== ======= =======================================

 


legacy /depreciated i8k 
cat /proc/i8k
1.0 A17 2J59L02 52 2 1 8040 6420 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10   1.0 1.1 -1 59 -22 0 -22 0 -1 -22
  The fields read from ``/proc/i8k`` are::
1.0 A17 2J59L02 52 2 1 8040 6420 1 2
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | +------- 10. buttons status
| | | | | | | | +--------- 9. AC status
| | | | | | | +-------------- 8. fan0 RPM
| | | | | | +------------------- 7. fan1 RPM
| | | | | +--------------------- 6. fan0 status
| | | | +----------------------- 5. fan1 status
| | | +-------------------------- 4. temp0 reading (Celsius)
| | +---------------------------------- 3. Dell service tag (later known as 'serial number')
| +-------------------------------------- 2. BIOS version
+------------------------------------------ 1. /proc/i8k format version

A negative value, for example -22, indicates that the BIOS doesn't
return the corresponding information. This is normal on some
models/BIOSes.   
https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/hwmon/dell-smm-hwmon.rst
pretty format 
https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/next/hwmon/dell-smm-hwmon.html 

bios version 
 cat /sys/class/dmi/id/bios_version
serial no 
sudo cat /sys/class/dmi/id/board_serial 
 

kernel patches to debian
https://gitlab.com/kalilinux/packages/linux/-/blob/kali/master/debian/patches/series
 
 

intel graphics  tuning 
https://gist.github.com/Brainiarc7/aa43570f512906e882ad6cdd835efe57?permalink_comment_id=3036915
https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/intel_graphics#Enable_early_KMS 
cat /etc/modprobe.d/i915.conf
options i915 fastboot=1 enable_fbc=1 enable_guc=3
 
replace base-files with debian ( for switching distro i.e devian to devuan,kali etc)
https://packages.debian.org/sid/amd64/base-files/download
download from any mirror
dpkg -i base-fiels*.deb
 
 


list obsolete package 
apt list ?obsolete
 apt list --installed | awk -F/ '/\[installed,local\]/{print $1}'
 


tricks
ctrl+d = ^D  ## exit terminal
sudo chvt n   ## ctrl+alt+f2 alternative ,switch vt 
su -l doesnt preseve env vars, su preserves
after cat binary-file if terminal is crazy reset cmd
adduser name , deluser --remove-home name
home dir of root is /root
basename -a, --multiple  -s, --suffix=SUFFIX (suffix to delete)  -z, --zero (separator NUL) 
Print NAME with any leading directory components removed.
avoid { } ( ) [ ] ' ` " \ / > < | ; ! # & ^ * % @ $ in filename , and space if possible

Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or physical device has a data structure called an inode
which describes its associated attributes such as the user who owns it
(owner), the group that it belongs to, the time last accessed, etc.
 
permission
u=user who owns the file
g=Other users in the group which the file belongs to
o=All other users, world/everyone
 
For the file/folder, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
r  = read = allows owner to examine contents of the file / list contents of the directory. 
w = write = allows owner to modify the file / add or remove files in the directory
x = execute = allows owner to run the file as a command / access files in the directory,viewing their attributes, such as the size and the modification time.
 
ls -l 


  • 

    Type of file (first character) 
    

  • 

     Access permission of the file (nine characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other in this order) 
    

  • 

    Number of hard links to the file 
    

  • 

     Name of the user who owns the file 
    

  • 

     Name of the group which the file belongs to 
    

  • 

    Size of the file in characters (bytes) 
    

  • 

    Date and time of the file (mtime) 
    

  • 

    Name of the file 
      
    



 first character meaning
character 
 meaning 






 - 
 normal file 




 d 
 directory 




 l 
 symlink 




 c 
 character device node 




 b 
 block device node 




 p 
 named pipe 




 s 
 socket 









 
 
 chown is used from the root account to change the owner of the file.  
chgrp is used from the file's owner or root account to change the group of the file. 
 chmod is used from the file's owner or root account to change file and directory access permissions.
 
note : users may only run chown if they have the target user and group privileges
 
 


  • 

     The set user ID bit (s or S instead of user's x) 
    

  • 

     The set group ID bit (s or S instead of group's x) 
    

  • 

     The sticky bit (t or T instead of other's x) 
    

 
 
Setting set group ID on a directory enables the BSD-like file creation scheme where all files created in the directory belong to the group of the directory.
 
Setting the sticky bit on a
directory prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user
who is not the owner of the file. In order to secure contents of a
file in world-writable directories such as "/tmp" or in group-writable directories, one must not only reset the write permission for the file but also set the sticky bit
on the directory. Otherwise, the file can be removed and a new file
can be created with the same name by any user who has write access to
the directory.
 
 numeric permission
first digit = sum of suid(4)+sgid(2)+sticky(1)
2nd = read(4),write(2),execute for user
3rd= same for group
4th= same for others
 
 pertinent commands such as test(1), stat(1) and readlink(1). The shell builtin such as "[" or "test" 

 
Umask
Default creation of files/directories is typically 777 or 666
 
What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is restricted by the umask shell builtin command. See dash(1), bash(1), and builtins(7).
 
 (file permissions) = (requested file permissions) & ~(umask value)
 
Permissions for groups of users
 
system-provided groups for file access













 group 
 description for accessible files and devices 






 dialout 
 full and direct access to serial ports ("/dev/ttyS[0-3]") 




 dip 
 limited access to serial ports for Dialup IP connection to trusted peers 




 cdrom 
 CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives 




 audio 
 audio device 




 video 
 video device 




 scanner 
 scanner(s) 




 adm 
 system monitoring logs 




 staff 
 some directories for junior administrative work: "/usr/local", "/home" 
 
 
List of types of timestamps













 type 
 meaning (historic Unix definition) 






 mtime 
 the file modification time (ls -l) 




 ctime 
 the file status change time (ls -lc) 




 atime 
 the last file access time (ls -lu) 
 


  • 

     Overwriting a file changes all of the mtime, ctime, and atime attributes of the file. 
    

  • 

     Changing ownership or permission of a file changes the ctime and atime attributes of the file. 
    

  • 

     Reading a file changes the atime attribute of the file on the historic Unix system. 
    

  • 

     Reading a file changes the atime attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "strictatime". 
    

  • 

     Reading a file for the first time or after one day changes the atime attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "relatime". (default behavior since Linux 2.6.30) 
    

  • 

     Reading a file doesn't change the atime attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "noatime". 
    



 
hardlink=Duplicate name for an existing file 
 

Symbolic link or symlink = Special file that points to another file by name 
 
The hardlink can be made within the same filesystem and shares the same inode number which the "-i" option with ls(1) reveals.
The symlink always has nominal file access permissions of "rwxrwxrwx", with the effective access permissions dictated by permissions of the file that it points to.
 
named pipe(fifo)
If you write to a named pipe, the process which is writing to the pipe
doesn't terminate until the information being written is read from the
pipe. If you read from a named pipe, the reading process waits until
there is nothing to read before terminating. The size of the pipe is
always zero --- it does not store data, it just links two processes like
the functionality offered by the shell "|"
syntax. However, since this pipe has a name, the two processes don't
have to be on the same command line or even be run by the same user.
 

sockets
It is similar to the named pipe (FIFO) and allows
processes to exchange information even between different computers. For
the socket, those processes do not need to be running at the same time
nor to be running as the children of the same ancestor process. This is
the endpoint for the inter process communication (IPC). The exchange of information may occur over the network between different hosts. The two most common ones are the Internet socket and the Unix domain socket.
 
device file
here are 2 types of device files.

  • 

     Character device 
    

    

    • 

       Accessed one character at a time 
      

    • 

       1 character = 1 byte 
      

    • 

       E.g. keyboard device, serial port, … 
      

    

    

  • 

     Block device 
    

    

    • 

       accessed in larger units called blocks 
      

    • 

       1 block > 1 byte 
      

    • 

       E.g. hard disk, 
 

Table 1.10. List of special device files











 device file 
 action 
 description of response 






 /dev/null 
 read 
 return "end-of-file (EOF) character" 




 /dev/null 
 write 
 return nothing (a bottomless data dump pit) 




 /dev/zero 
 read 
 return "the \0 (NUL) character" (not the same as the number zero ASCII) 




 /dev/random 
 read 
 return random characters from a true random number generator, delivering real entropy (slow) 




 /dev/urandom 
 read 
 return random characters from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator 




 /dev/full 
 write 
 return the disk-full (ENOSPC) error 
 




Table 1.14. List of key bindings for bash













 key 
 description of key binding 






 Ctrl-U 
 erase line before cursor 




 Ctrl-H 
 erase a character before cursor 




 Ctrl-D 
 terminate input (exit shell if you are using shell) 




 Ctrl-C 
 terminate a running program 




 Ctrl-Z 
 temporarily stop program by moving it to the background job 




 Ctrl-S 
 halt output to screen 




 Ctrl-Q 
 reactivate output to screen 




 Ctrl-Alt-Del 
 reboot/halt the system, see inittab(5) 




Left-Alt-key (optionally, Windows-key) 
 meta-key for Emacs and the similar UI 




 Up-arrow 
 start command history search under bash 




 Ctrl-R 
 start incremental command history search under bash 




 Tab 
 complete input of the filename to the command line under bash 




 Ctrl-V Tab 
 input Tab without expansion to the command line under bash 










 
The terminal feature of Ctrl-S can be disabled using stty(1).
 
 
List of basic Vim key strokes














 mode 
 key strokes 
 action 






 NORMAL 
 :help|only 
 display the help file 




 NORMAL 
 :e filename.ext 
 open new buffer to edit filename.ext 




 NORMAL 
 :w 
 overwrite current buffer to the original file 




 NORMAL 
 :w filename.ext 
 write current buffer to filename.ext 




 NORMAL 
 :q 
 quit vim 




 NORMAL 
 :q! 
 force to quit vim 




 NORMAL 
 :only 
 close all other split open windows 




 NORMAL 
 :set nocompatible? 
 check if vim is in the sane nocompatible mode 




 NORMAL 
 :set nocompatible 
 set vim to the sane nocompatible mode 




 NORMAL 
 i 
 enter the INSERT mode 




 NORMAL 
 R 
 enter the REPLACE mode 




 NORMAL 
 v 
 enter the VISUAL mode 




 NORMAL 
 V 
 enter the linewise VISUAL mode 




 NORMAL 
 Ctrl-V 
 enter the blockwise VISUAL mode 




 except TERMINAL-JOB 
 ESC-key 
 enter the NORMAL mode 




 NORMAL 
 :term 
 enter the TERMINAL-JOB mode 




 TERMINAL-NORMAL 
 i 
 enter the TERMINAL-JOB mode 




 TERMINAL-JOB 
 Ctrl-W N (or Ctrl-\ Ctrl-N) 
 enter the TERMINAL-NORMAL mode 




 TERMINAL-JOB 
 Ctrl-W : 
 enter the Ex-mode in TERMINAL-NORMAL mode









 
Recording the shell activities
 script 
some commands....
ctrl+d 

basic Unix commands













 command 
 description 






 pwd 
 display name of current/working directory 




 whoami 
 display current user name 




 id 
 display current user identity (name, uid, gid, and associated groups) 




 file foo 
 display a type of file for the file "foo" 




 type -p commandname 
 display a file location of command "commandname" 




 which commandname 
 , , 




 type commandname 
 display information on command "commandname" 




 apropos key-word 
 find commands related to "key-word" 




 man -k key-word 
 , , 




 whatis commandname 
 display one line explanation on command "commandname" 




 man -a commandname 
 display explanation on command "commandname" (Unix style) 




 info commandname 
 display rather long explanation on command "commandname" (GNU style) 




 ls 
 list contents of directory (non-dot files and directories) 




 ls -a 
 list contents of directory (all files and directories) 




 ls -A 
 list contents of directory (almost all files and directories, i.e., skip ".." and ".") 




 ls -la 
 list all contents of directory with detail information 




 ls -lai 
 list all contents of directory with inode number and detail information 




 ls -d 
 list all directories under the current directory 




 tree 
 display file tree contents 




 lsof foo 
 list open status of file "foo" 




 lsof -p pid 
 list files opened by the process ID: "pid" 




 mkdir foo 
 make a new directory "foo" in the current directory 




 rmdir foo 
 remove a directory "foo" in the current directory 




 cd foo 
 change directory to the directory "foo" in the current directory or in the directory listed in the variable "$CDPATH" 




 cd / 
 change directory to the root directory 




 cd 
 change directory to the current user's home directory 




 cd /foo 
 change directory to the absolute path directory "/foo" 




 cd .. 
 change directory to the parent directory 




 cd ~foo 
 change directory to the home directory of the user "foo" 




 cd - 
 change directory to the previous directory 




 </etc/motd pager 
 display contents of "/etc/motd" using the default pager 




 touch junkfile 
 create a empty file "junkfile" 




 cp foo bar 
 copy a existing file "foo" to a new file "bar" 




 rm junkfile 
 remove a file "junkfile" 




 mv foo bar 
 rename an existing file "foo" to a new name "bar" ("bar" must not exist) 




 mv foo bar 
 move an existing file "foo" to a new location "bar/foo" (the directory "bar" must exist) 




 mv foo bar/baz 
 move an existing file "foo" to a new location with a new name "bar/baz" (the directory "bar" must exist but the directory "bar/baz" must not exist) 




 chmod 600 foo 
 make an existing file "foo" to be non-readable and non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all) 




 chmod 644 foo 
 make an existing file "foo" to be readable but non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all) 




 chmod 755 foo 
 make an existing file "foo" to be readable but non-writable by the other people (executable for all) 




 find . -name pattern 
 find matching filenames using shell "pattern" (slower) 




 locate -d . pattern 
 find matching filenames using shell "pattern" (quicker using regularly generated database) 




 grep -e "pattern" *.html 
 find a "pattern" in all files ending with ".html" in current directory and display them all 




 top 
 display process information using full screen, type "q" to quit 




 ps aux | pager 
 display information on all the running processes using BSD style output 




 ps -ef | pager 
 display information on all the running processes using Unix system-V style output 




 ps aux | grep -e "[e]xim4*" 
 display all processes running "exim" and "exim4" 




 ps axf | pager 
 display information on all the running processes with ASCII art output 




 kill 1234 
 kill a process identified by the process ID: "1234" 




 gzip foo 
 compress "foo" to create "foo.gz" using the Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77) 




 gunzip foo.gz 
 decompress "foo.gz" to create "foo" 




 bzip2 foo 
 compress "foo" to create "foo.bz2" using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding (better compression than gzip) 




 bunzip2 foo.bz2 
 decompress "foo.bz2" to create "foo" 




 xz foo 
 compress "foo" to create "foo.xz" using the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (better compression than bzip2) 




 unxz foo.xz 
 decompress "foo.xz" to create "foo" 




 tar -xvf foo.tar 
 extract files from "foo.tar" archive 




 tar -xvzf foo.tar.gz 
 extract files from gzipped "foo.tar.gz" archive 




 tar -xvjf foo.tar.bz2 
 extract files from "foo.tar.bz2" archive 




 tar -xvJf foo.tar.xz 
 extract files from "foo.tar.xz" archive 




 tar -cvf foo.tar bar/ 
 archive contents of folder "bar/" in "foo.tar" archive 




 tar -cvzf foo.tar.gz bar/ 
 archive contents of folder "bar/" in compressed "foo.tar.gz" archive 




 tar -cvjf foo.tar.bz2 bar/ 
 archive contents of folder "bar/" in "foo.tar.bz2" archive 




 tar -cvJf foo.tar.xz bar/ 
 archive contents of folder "bar/" in "foo.tar.xz" archive 




 zcat README.gz | pager 
 display contents of compressed "README.gz" using the default pager 




 zcat README.gz > foo 
 create a file "foo" with the decompressed content of "README.gz" 




 zcat README.gz >> foo 
 append the decompressed content of "README.gz" to the end of the file "foo" (if it does not exist, create it first) 









 
Default values of environment variables are initially set by the PAM
system and then some of them may be reset by some application programs.




  • 

     The PAM system such as pam_env may set environment variables by /etc/pam.conf", "/etc/environment" and "/etc/default/locale". 
    

  • 

     The display manager such as gdm3 may reset environment variables for GUI session by "~/.profile". 
    

  • 

     The user specific program initialization may reset environment variables by "~/.profile", "~/.bash_profile" and "~/.bashrc". 
    



 
 $LANG  xx_YY.ZZZZ
parts of locale value













 locale value 
 meaning 






 xx 
 ISO 639 language codes (lower case) such as "en" 




 YY 
 ISO 3166 country codes (upper case) such as "US" 




 ZZZZ 
 codeset, always set to "UTF-8"
 
Shell glob patterns













 shell glob pattern 
 description of match rule 






 * 
 filename (segment) not started with "." 




 .* 
 filename (segment) started with "." 




 ? 
 exactly one character 




 […] 
 exactly one character with any character enclosed in brackets 




 [a-z] 
 exactly one character with any character between "a" and "z" 




 [^…] 
 exactly one character other than any character enclosed in brackets (excluding "^") 






  BASH can be tweaked to change its glob behavior with its shopt builtin options such as "dotglob", "noglob", "nocaseglob", "nullglob", "extglob", etc. See bash(1)
 
 
$?  gives return value of command
Command exit codes














 command exit status 
 numeric return value 
 logical return value 






 success 
 zero, 0 
 TRUE 




 error 
 non-zero, -1 
 FALSE
 
 
 
hell command idioms













 command idiom 
 description 






 command & 
background execution of command in the subshell 




 command1 | command2 
pipe the standard output of command1 to the standard input of command2 (concurrent execution) 




 command1 2>&1 | command2 
pipe both standard output and standard error of command1 to the standard input of command2 (concurrent execution) 




 command1 ; command2 
 execute command1 and command2 sequentially 




 command1 && command2 
 execute command1; if successful, execute command2 sequentially (return success if both command1 and command2 are successful) 




 command1 || command2 
 execute command1; if not successful, execute command2 sequentially (return success if command1 or command2 are successful) 




 command > foo 
 redirect standard output of command to a file foo (overwrite) 




 command 2> foo 
 redirect standard error of command to a file foo (overwrite) 




 command >> foo 
 redirect standard output of command to a file foo (append) 




 command 2>> foo 
 redirect standard error of command to a file foo (append) 




 command > foo 2>&1 
 redirect both standard output and standard error of command to a file foo 




 command < foo 
 redirect standard input of command to a file foo 




 command << delimiter 
 redirect standard input of command to the following lines until "delimiter" is met (here document) 




 command <<- delimiter 
 redirect standard input of command to the following lines until "delimiter" is met (here document, the leading tab characters are stripped from input lines) 






  


$ </etc/motd pager


$ pager </etc/motd


$ pager /etc/motd


$ cat /etc/motd | pager
 
 
echo Hello >foo
$ exec 3foo 4bar  # open files
$ cat <&3 >&4       # redirect stdin to 3, stdout to 4
$ exec 3<&- 4>&-    # close files
$ cat bar
Hello
 
 
Predefined file descriptors














 device 
 description 
 file descriptor 






 stdin 
 standard input 
 0 




 stdout 
 standard output 
 1 




 stderr 
 standard error 
 2 


type ls
ls is hashed (/bin/ls)
 
type la
la is aliased to ls -la
 
text tools 
 


No regular expression is used:

    cat(1) concatenates files and outputs the whole content.

    tac(1) concatenates files and outputs in reverse.

    cut(1) selects parts of lines and outputs.

    head(1) outputs the first part of files.

    tail(1) outputs the last part of files.

    sort(1) sorts lines of text files.

    uniq(1) removes duplicate lines from a sorted file.

    tr(1) translates or deletes characters.

    diff(1) compares files line by line.



Basic regular expression (BRE) is used as default:

    ed(1) is a primitive line editor.

    sed(1) is a stream editor.

    grep(1) matches text with patterns.

    vim(1) is a screen editor.

    emacs(1) is a screen editor. (somewhat extended BRE)

Extended regular expression (ERE) is used:

    awk(1) does simple text processing.

    egrep(1) matches text with patterns.

    tcl(3tcl) can do every conceivable text processing: See re_syntax(3). Often used with tk(3tk).

    perl(1) can do every conceivable text processing. See perlre(1).

 
 
Metacharacters for BRE and ERE

              

                
                  
                  
                  
                
                
                  

                     BRE 
                     ERE 
                     description of the regular expression 
                  

                
                
                  

                     \ .  [ ] ^ $ * 
                     \ .  [ ] ^ $ * 
                     common metacharacters 
                  

                  

                     \+ \? \( \) \{ \} \| 
                       
                     BRE only "\" escaped metacharacters 
                  

                  

                       
                     + ? ( ) { } | 
                     ERE only non-"\" escaped metacharacters 
                  

                  

                     c 
                     c 
                     match non-metacharacter "c" 
                  

                  

                     \c 
                     \c 
                     match a literal character "c" even if "c" is metacharacter by itself 
                  

                  

                     . 
                     . 
                     match any character including newline 
                  

                  

                     ^ 
                     ^ 
                     position at the beginning of a string 
                  

                  

                     $ 
                     $ 
                     position at the end of a string 
                  

                  

                     \< 
                     \< 
                     position at the beginning of a word 
                  

                  

                     \> 
                     \> 
                     position at the end of a word 
                  

                  

                     [abc…] 
                     [abc…] 
                     match any characters in "abc…" 
                  

                  

                     [^abc…] 
                     [^abc…] 
                     match any characters except in "abc…" 
                  

                  

                     r* 
                     r* 
                     match zero or more regular expressions identified by "r" 
                  

                  

                     r\+ 
                     r+ 
                     match one or more regular expressions identified by "r" 
                  

                  

                     r\? 
                     r? 
                     match zero or one regular expressions identified by "r" 
                  

                  

                     r1\|r2 
                     r1|r2 
                     match one of the regular expressions identified by "r1" or "r2" 
                  

                  

                     \(r1\|r2\) 
                     (r1|r2) 
                     match one of the regular expressions identified by "r1" or "r2" and treat it as a bracketed regular expression 
                  

                
              

            
 
The sed(1) command can replace all instances of "FROM_REGEX" with "TO_TEXT" in "file".     
$ sed -i -e 's/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g' file
 
 Extracting data from text file table
 DPL
Ian     Murdock   August  1993
Bruce   Perens    April   1996
 
awk '{ print $3 }' <DPL 
  
 while read first last month year; do
    echo $month
  done <DPL
 
 
script snippets for piping commands













 script snippet (type in one line) 
 effect of command 






 find /usr -print 
 find all files under "/usr" 




 seq 1 100 
 print 1 to 100 




 | xargs -n 1 command 
 run command repeatedly with each item from pipe as its argument 




 | xargs -n 1 echo 
 split white-space-separated items from pipe into lines 




 | xargs echo 
 merge all lines from pipe into a line 




 | grep -e regex_pattern 
 extract lines from pipe containing regex_pattern 




 | grep -v -e regex_pattern 
 extract lines from pipe not containing regex_pattern 




 | cut -d: -f3 - 
 extract third field from pipe separated by ":" (passwd file etc.) 




 | awk '{ print $3 }' 
 extract third field from pipe separated by whitespaces 




 | awk -F'\t' '{ print $3 }' 
 extract third field from pipe separated by tab 




 | col -bx 
 remove backspace and expand tabs to spaces 




 | expand - 
 expand tabs 




 | sort| uniq 
 sort and remove duplicates 




 | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' 
 convert uppercase to lowercase 




 | tr -d '\n' 
 concatenate lines into one line 




 | tr -d '\r' 
 remove CR 




 | sed 's/^/# /' 
 add "#" to the start of each line 




 | sed 's/\.ext//g' 
 remove ".ext" 




 | sed -n -e 2p 
 print the second line 




 | head -n 2 - 
 print the first 2 lines 




 | tail -n 2 - 
 print the last 2 lines 
 
 
 
 
List of Debian package management tools
                             

            

              

                
                  
                  
                  
                  
                
                
                  

                     package 
                     popcon 
                     size 
                     description 
                  

                
                
                  

                    
                       dpkg 
                    
                    
                      V:908, I:999
                    
                    
                      6400
                    
                     low level package management system for Debian (file based) 
                  

                  

                    
                       apt 
                    
                    
                      V:864, I:999
                    
                    
                      4302
                    
                     APT front-end to manage packages with CLI: apt/apt-get/apt-cache 
                  

                  

                    
                       aptitude 
                    
                    
                      V:51, I:278
                    
                    
                      4268
                    
                     APT front-end to interactively manage packages with full screen console: aptitude(8) 
                  

                  

                    
                       tasksel 
                    
                    
                      V:35, I:980
                    
                    
                      347
                    
                     APT front-end to install selected tasks: tasksel(8) 
                  

                  

                    
                       unattended-upgrades 
                    
                    
                      V:217, I:336
                    
                    
                      301
                    
                     enhancement package for APT to enable automatic installation of security upgrades 
                  

                  

                    
                       gnome-software 
                    
                    
                      V:141, I:252
                    
                    
                      2995
                    
                     Software Center for GNOME (GUI APT front-end) 
                  

                  

                    
                       synaptic 
                    
                    
                      V:44, I:367
                    
                    
                      7627
                    
                     graphical package manager (GTK APT front-end) 
                  

                  

                    
                       apt-utils 
                    
                    
                      V:356, I:998
                    
                    
                      1061
                    
                     APT utility programs: apt-extracttemplates(1), apt-ftparchive(1), and apt-sortpkgs(1) 
                  

                  

                    
                       apt-listchanges 
                    
                    
                      V:333, I:866
                    
                    
                      396
                    
                     package change history notification tool 
                  

                  

                    
                       apt-listbugs 
                    
                    
                      V:6, I:9
                    
                    
                      475
                    
                     lists critical bugs before each APT installation 
                  

                  

                    
                       apt-file 
                    
                    
                      V:17, I:71
                    
                    
                      89
                    
                     APT package searching utility — command-line interface 
                  

                  

                    
                       apt-rdepends 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:5
                    
                    
                      39
                    
                     recursively lists package dependencies 
                  

                
              
 
 
 


# dpkg --root /target -i /path/to/foo_old_version_arch.deb
 dpkg's "--ignore-depends", "--force-depends" 
 
 
APT::Acquire::http::Dl-Limit "800";'
 
/etc/cron.daily/apt
APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists "1";
APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages "1";
APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade "1";
 
APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists "1";
APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages "1";
APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade "0";
 
key file is in the "/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/"  

/etc/apt/preferences

notable Pin-Priority values for apt-pinning technique.













 Pin-Priority 
 apt-pinning effects to the package 






 1001 
 install the package even if this constitutes a downgrade of the package 




 990 
 used as the default for the target release archive 




 500 
 used as the default for the normal archive 




 100 
 used as the default for the NotAutomatic and ButAutomaticUpgrades archive 




 100 
 used for the installed package 




 1 
 used as the default for the NotAutomatic archive 




 -1 
never install the package even if recommended 



apt-get install -t testing some-packag

apt-cache policy package


block pkg
Package: package-1
Pin: version *
Pin-Priority: -1

Package: package-2
Pin: version *
Pin-Priority: -1
 
Package: package-1
Pin: release a=unstable
Pin-Priority: 700

Package: package-2
Pin: release a=unstable
Pin-Priority: 700
 
equivs 
 Circumventing Debian package dependencies
 This package provides a tool to create trivial Debian packages.
 Typically these packages contain only dependency information, but they
 can also include normal installed files like other packages do.
 .
 One use for this is to create a metapackage: a package whose sole
 purpose is to declare dependencies and conflicts on other packages so
 that these will be automatically installed, upgraded, or removed.
 .
 Another use is to circumvent dependency checking: by letting dpkg
 think a particular package name and version is installed when it
 isn't, you can work around bugs in other packages' dependencies. 
 
boot utilities for the Debian system















 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 







 systemd 


V:853, I:960


10217

 event-based init(8) daemon for concurrency (alternative to sysvinit) 





 systemd-sysv 


V:825, I:958


75

 the manual pages and links needed for systemd to replace sysvinit 





 init-system-helpers 


V:682, I:969


140

 helper tools for switching between sysvinit and systemd 





 initscripts 


V:40, I:161


178

 scripts for initializing and shutting down the system 





 sysvinit-core 


V:5, I:6


369

 System-V-like init(8) utilities 





 sysv-rc 


V:80, I:171


86

 System-V-like runlevel change mechanism 





 sysvinit-utils 


V:898, I:999


101

 System-V-like utilities (startpar(8), bootlogd(8), …) 





 lsb-base 


V:768, I:809


12

Linux Standard Base 3.2 init script functionality 





 insserv 


V:98, I:170


153

 tool to organize boot sequence using LSB init.d script dependencies 





 kexec-tools 


V:1, I:6


286

 kexec tool for kexec(8) reboots (warm reboot) 





 systemd-bootchart 


V:0, I:0


132

 boot process performance analyser 





 mingetty 


V:0, I:2


38

 console-only getty(8) 





 mgetty 


V:0, I:0


315

 smart modem getty(8) replacement 
 
ps --pid 1 -f
  
 
init-system-helpers [essential]
/usr/bin/deb-systemd-helper
/usr/bin/deb-systemd-invoke
/usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d
/usr/sbin/service
/usr/sbin/update-rc.d
/usr/share/bug/init-system-helpers/control 
 
 

systemd units




  • 

     "/lib/systemd/system": OS default configuration files 
    

  • 

     "/etc/systemd/system": system administrator configuration files which override the OS default configuration files 
    

  • 

     "/run/systemd/system": run-time generated configuration files which override the installed configuration files 
    

 
 
Their inter-dependencies are specified by the directives "Wants=", "Requires=", "Before=", "After=",  

The suffix of the unit configuration file encodes their types as:




  • 

    *.service describes the process controlled and supervised by systemd. See systemd.service(5). 
    

  • 

    *.device describes the device exposed in the sysfs(5) as udev(7) device tree. See systemd.device(5). 
    

  • 

    *.mount describes the file system mount point controlled and supervised by systemd. See systemd.mount(5). 
    

  • 

    *.automount describes the file system auto mount point controlled and supervised by systemd. See systemd.automount(5). 
    

  • 

    *.swap describes the swap device or file controlled and supervised by systemd. See systemd.swap(5). 
    

  • 

    *.path describes the path monitored by systemd for path-based activation. See systemd.path(5). 
    

  • 

    *.socket describes the socket controlled and supervised by systemd for socket-based activation. See systemd.socket(5). 
    

  • 

    *.timer describes the timer controlled and supervised by systemd for timer-based activation. See systemd.timer(5). 
    

  • 

    *.slice manages resources with the cgroups(7). See systemd.slice(5). 
    

  • 

    *.scope is created programmatically using the bus interfaces of systemd to manages a set of system processes. See systemd.scope(5). 
    

  • 

    *.target groups other unit configuration files to create the synchronization point during start-up. See systemd.target(5). 
    






Upon system start up (i.e., init), the systemd process tries to start the "/lib/systemd/system/default.target (normally symlinked to "graphical.target"). First, some special target units (see systemd.special(7)) such as "local-fs.target", "swap.target" and "cryptsetup.target"
are pulled in to mount the filesystems. Then, other target units are
also pulled in by the target unit dependencies. For details, read bootup(7).
 
systemd offers backward compatibility features. SysV-style boot scripts in "/etc/init.d/rc[0123456S].d/[KS]name" are still parsed and telinit(8) is translated into systemd unit activation requests. 
Emulated runlevel 2 to 4 are all symlinked to the same "multi-user.target".
 
The kernel maintains the system hostname. The system unit started by systemd-hostnamed.service sets the system hostname at boot time to the name stored in "/etc/hostname". This file should contain only the system hostname, not a fully qualified domain name. 
 
After mounting all the filesystems, temporary files in "/tmp", "/var/lock", and "/var/run" are cleaned for each boot up.
 
Network interfaces are typically initialized in "networking.service" for the lo interface and "NetworkManager.service" for other interfaces on modern Debian desktop system under systemd.
 
dmesg -n3






Table 3.4. List of kernel error levels














 error level value 
 error level name 
 meaning 






 0 
 KERN_EMERG 
 system is unusable 




 1 
 KERN_ALERT 
 action must be taken immediately 




 2 
 KERN_CRIT 
 critical conditions 




 3 
 KERN_ERR 
 error conditions 




 4 
 KERN_WARNING 
 warning conditions 




 5 
 KERN_NOTICE 
 normal but significant condition 




 6 
 KERN_INFO 
 informational 




 7 
 KERN_DEBUG 
 debug-level messages 










Under systemd, both kernel and system messages are logged by the journal service systemd-journald.service (a.k.a journald) either into a persistent binary data below "/var/log/journal" or into a volatile binary data below "/run/log/journal/". These binary log data are accessed by the journalctl(1) command
 
journalctl -b #boot log
journalctl command snippets













 Operation 
 Command snippets 






 View log for system services and kernel from the last boot 
 "journalctl -b --system" 




 View log for services of the current user from the last boot 
 "journalctl -b --user" 




 View job log of "$unit" from the last boot 
 "journalctl -b -u $unit" 




 View job log of "$unit" ("tail -f" style) from the last boot 
 "journalctl -b -u $unit -f" 






  
 
typical systemctl command snippets













 Operation 
 Command snippets 






 List all target unit configuration 
 "systemctl list-units --type=target" 




 List all service unit configuration 
 "systemctl list-units --type=service" 




 List all unit configuration types 
 "systemctl list-units --type=help" 




 List all socket units in memory 
 "systemctl list-sockets" 




 List all timer units in memory 
 "systemctl list-timers" 




 Start "$unit" 
 "systemctl start $unit" 




 Stop "$unit" 
 "systemctl stop $unit" 




 Reload service-specific configuration 
 "systemctl reload $unit" 




 Stop and start all "$unit" 
 "systemctl restart $unit" 




 Start "$unit" and stop all others 
 "systemctl isolate $unit" 




 Switch to "graphical" (GUI system) 
 "systemctl isolate graphical" 




 Switch to "multi-user" (CLI system) 
 "systemctl isolate multi-user" 




 Switch to "rescue" (single user CLI system) 
 "systemctl isolate rescue" 




 Send kill signal to "$unit" 
 "systemctl kill $unit" 




 Check if "$unit" service is active 
 "systemctl is-active $unit" 




 Check if "$unit" service is failed 
 "systemctl is-failed $unit" 




 Check status of "$unit|$PID|device" 
 "systemctl status $unit|$PID|$device" 




 Show properties of "$unit|$job" 
 "systemctl show $unit|$job" 




 Reset failed "$unit" 
 "systemctl reset-failed $unit" 




 List dependency of all unit services 
 "systemctl list-dependencies --all" 




 List unit files installed on the system 
 "systemctl list-unit-files" 




 Enable "$unit" (add symlink) 
 "systemctl enable $unit" 




 Disable "$unit" (remove symlink) 
 "systemctl disable $unit" 




 Unmask "$unit" (remove symlink to "/dev/null") 
 "systemctl unmask $unit" 




 Mask "$unit" (add symlink to "/dev/null") 
 "systemctl mask $unit" 




 Get default-target setting 
 "systemctl get-default" 




 Set default-target to "graphical" (GUI system) 
 "systemctl set-default graphical" 




 Set default-target to "multi-user" (CLI system) 
 "systemctl set-default multi-user" 




 Show job environment 
 "systemctl show-environment" 




 Set job environment "variable" to "value" 
 "systemctl set-environment variable=value" 




 Unset job environment "variable" 
 "systemctl unset-environment variable" 




 Reload all unit files and daemons 
 "systemctl daemon-reload" 




 Shut down the system 
 "systemctl poweroff" 




 Shut down and reboot the system 
 "systemctl reboot" 




 Suspend the system 
 "systemctl suspend" 




 Hibernate the system 
 "systemctl hibernate" 









 
 
$unit" in the above examples may be a single unit name (suffix such as .service and .target are optional) or, in many cases, multiple unit specifications (shell-style globs "*", "?", "[]" using fnmatch(3) which will be matched against the primary names of all units currently in memory).


System state changing commands in the above examples are typically preceded by the "sudo" to attain the required administrative privilege.


The output of the "systemctl status $unit|$PID|$device" uses color of the dot ("●") to summarize the unit state at a glance.




  • 

     White "●" indicates an "inactive" or "deactivating" state. 
    

  • 

     Red "●" indicates a "failed" or "error" state. 
    

  • 

     Green "●" indicates an "active", "reloading" or "activating" state. 
    










 
disable service 
 $ sudo systemctl stop sshd.service
 $ sudo systemctl mask sshd.service
 
sshd.socket for specifying a socket to listen on


[Unit]
Description=SSH Socket for Per-Connection Servers

[Socket]
ListenStream=22
Accept=yes

[Install]
WantedBy=sockets.target
 
[email protected] as the matching service file of sshd.socket


[Unit]
Description=SSH Per-Connection Server

[Service]
ExecStart=-/usr/sbin/sshd -i
StandardInput=socket
 
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
 
udev
 The udev system provides mechanism for the automatic hardware discovery and initialization
udev system starts a user process which uses information from the sysfs filesystem (see Section 1.2.12, “procfs and sysfs”), loads required kernel modules supporting it using the modprobe  
If "/lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep" was not generated properly by depmod(8) for some reason, modules may not be loaded as expected by the udev system. Execute "depmod -a" to fix it.
 
For mounting rules in "/etc/fstab", device nodes do not need to be static ones. You can use UUID to mount devices instead of device names such as "/dev/sda". 

/etc/modules #modules to load
etc/modprobes.d/blacklist  #config module
The "/lib/modules/version/modules.dep" file generated by the depmod(8) program describes module dependencies used by the modprobe(8) program.
The modinfo(8) program shows information about a Linux kernel module.


The lsmod(8) program nicely formats the contents of the "/proc/modules", showing what kernel modules are currently loaded.
 
Authentication using pam
Normal Unix authentication is provided by the pam_unix(8) module under the PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules). Its 3 important configuration files, with ":" separated entries, are the following.
 
configuration files for pam_unix(8)
















 file 
 permission 
 user 
 group 
 description 






 /etc/passwd 
 -rw-r--r-- 
 root 
 root 
 (sanitized) user account information 




 /etc/shadow 
 -rw-r----- 
 root 
 shadow 
 secure user account information 




 /etc/group 
 -rw-r--r-- 
 root 
 root 
 group information 






  
 
/etc/passwd" contains the following.


 ...
user1:x:1000:1000:User1 Name,,,:/home/user1:/bin/bash
user2:x:1001:1001:User2 Name,,,:/home/user2:/bin/bash
 
As explained in passwd(5), each ":" separated entry of this file means the following.




  • 

     Login name 
    

  • 

     Password specification entry 
    

  • 

     Numerical user ID 
    

  • 

     Numerical group ID 
    

  • 

     User name or comment field 
    

  • 

     User home directory 
    

  • 

     Optional user command interpreter 
    



 
The second entry of "/etc/passwd" was used for the encrypted password entry. After the introduction of "/etc/shadow", this entry is used for the password specification entry. 
 
second entry content of "/etc/passwd"













 content 
 meaning 






 (empty) 
 passwordless account 




 x 
 the encrypted password is in "/etc/shadow" 
 
 
/etc/shadow" contains the following.


 ...
user1:$1$Xop0FYH9$IfxyQwBe9b8tiyIkt2P4F/:13262:0:99999:7:::
user2:$1$vXGZLVbS$ElyErNf/agUDsm1DehJMS/:13261:0:99999:7:::
 ...
 


As explained in shadow(5), each ":" separated entry of this file means the following.




  • 

     Login name 
    

  • 

     Encrypted password (The initial "$1$" indicates use of the MD5 encryption. The "*" indicates no login.) 
    

  • 

     Date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970 
    

  • 

     Number of days the user will have to wait before she will be allowed to change her password again 
    

  • 

     Number of days after which the user will have to change her password 
    

  • 

     Number of days before a password is going to expire during which the user should be warned 
    

  • 

     Number of days after a password has expired during which the password should still be accepted 
    

  • 

     Date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970 
    

  • 

     … 
    



 
"/etc/group" contains the following.


group1:x:20:user1,user2
 
As explained in group(5), each ":" separated entry of this file means the following.


  • 

     Group name 
    

  • 

     Encrypted password (not really used) 
    

  • 

     Numerical group ID 
    

 
"/etc/gshadow" provides the similar function as "/etc/shadow" for "/etc/group" but is not really used.
 
The actual group membership of a user may be dynamically added if "auth optional pam_group.so"
 line is added to "/etc/pam.d/common-auth" and set it in "/etc/security/group.conf". 
 See pam_group(8).

The base-passwd package contains an authoritative list of the user and the group: "/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html".
 
 
commands to manage account information













 command 
 function 






 getent passwd user_name 
 browse account information of "user_name" 




 getent shadow user_name 
 browse shadowed account information of "user_name" 




 getent group group_name 
 browse group information of "group_name" 




 passwd 
 manage password for the account 




 passwd -e 
 set one-time password for the account activation 




 chage 
 manage password aging information 
 
 
List of tools to generate password



            

              
                
                
                
                
                
              
              
                

                   package 
                   popcon 
                   size 
                   command 
                   function 
                

              
              
                

                  
                     whois 
                  
                  
                    V:26, I:271
                  
                  
                    386
                  
                   mkpasswd 
                   over-featured front end to the crypt(3) library 
                

                

                  
                     openssl 
                  
                  
                    V:832, I:995
                  
                  
                    2290
                  
                   openssl passwd 
                   compute password hashes (OpenSSL). passwd(1ssl) 
                

              
            

          


Modern Unix-like systems such as the Debian system provide PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) and NSS (Name Service Switch) mechanism to the local system administrator to configure his system. The role of these can be summarizes as the following.




  • 

     PAM offers a flexible authentication mechanism used by the application software thus involves password data exchange. 
    

  • 

     NSS offers a flexible name service mechanism which is frequently used by the C standard library to obtain the user and group name for programs such as ls(1) and id(1). 
    



 
 
List of notable PAM and NSS systems
          

          

            

              
                
                
                
                
              
              
                

                   package 
                   popcon 
                   size 
                   description 
                

              
              
                

                  
                     libpam-modules 
                  
                  
                    V:878, I:999
                  
                  
                    1006
                  
                   Pluggable Authentication Modules (basic service) 
                

                

                  
                     libpam-ldap 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:7
                  
                  
                    249
                  
                   Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces 
                

                

                  
                     libpam-cracklib 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:9
                  
                  
                    117
                  
                   Pluggable Authentication Module to enable cracklib support 
                

                

                  
                     libpam-systemd 
                  
                  
                    V:517, I:925
                  
                  
                    570
                  
                   Pluggable Authentication Module to register user sessions for logind 
                

                

                  
                     libpam-doc 
                  
                  
                    I:0
                  
                  
                    963
                  
                   Pluggable Authentication Modules (documentation in html and text) 
                

                

                  
                     libc6 
                  
                  
                    V:918, I:999
                  
                  
                    12988
                  
                   GNU C Library: Shared libraries which also provides "Name Service Switch" service 
                

                

                  
                     glibc-doc 
                  
                  
                    I:8
                  
                  
                    3501
                  
                   GNU C Library: Manpages 
                

                

                  
                     glibc-doc-reference 
                  
                  
                    I:4
                  
                  
                    13188
                  
                   GNU C Library: Reference manual in info, pdf and html format (non-free) 
                

                

                  
                     libnss-mdns 
                  
                  
                    I:506
                  
                  
                    141
                  
                   NSS module for Multicast DNS name resolution 
                

                

                  
                     libnss-ldap 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:6
                  
                  
                    265
                  
                   NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service 
                

                

                  
                     libnss-ldapd 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:13
                  
                  
                    129
                  
                   NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service (new fork of libnss-ldap) 
                

              
            

          


Under systemd, libpam-systemd package is installed to manage user logins by registering user sessions in the systemd control group hierarchy for logind. See systemd-logind(8), logind.conf(5), and pam_systemd(8).
 
List of configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS













 configuration file 
 function 






 /etc/pam.d/program_name 
 set up PAM configuration for the "program_name" program; see pam(7) and pam.d(5) 




 /etc/nsswitch.conf 
 set up NSS configuration with the entry for each service. See nsswitch.conf(5) 




 /etc/nologin 
 limit the user login by the pam_nologin(8) module 




 /etc/securetty 
 limit the tty for the root access by the pam_securetty(8) module 




 /etc/security/access.conf 
 set access limit by the pam_access(8) module 




 /etc/security/group.conf 
 set group based restraint by the pam_group(8) module 




 /etc/security/pam_env.conf 
 set environment variables by the pam_env(8) module 




 /etc/environment 
 set additional environment variables by the pam_env(8) module with the "readenv=1" argument 




 /etc/default/locale 
 set locale by pam_env(8) module with the "readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale" argument (Debian) 




 /etc/security/limits.conf 
 set resource restraint (ulimit, core, …) by the pam_linits(8) module 




 /etc/security/time.conf 
 set time restraint by the pam_time(8) module 




 /etc/systemd/logind.conf 
 set systemd login manager configuration (see logind.conf(5) and systemd-logind.service(8)) 






  
debian uses PAM, so that one can restrict the ability to use su to the root group by enabling the 
line with  "pam_wheel.so" in "/etc/pam.d/su". 
 
Installing the libpam-cracklib package enables you to force stricter password rule.
 
 GNOME   automatically installs libpam-gnome-keyring, "/etc/pam.d/common-password" 
 
List of insecure and secure services and ports















 insecure service name 
 port 
 secure service name 
 port 






 www (http) 
 80 
 https 
 443 




 smtp (mail) 
 25 
 ssmtp (smtps) 
 465 




 ftp-data 
 20 
 ftps-data 
 989 




 ftp 
 21 
 ftps 
 990 




 telnet 
 23 
 telnets 
 992 




 imap2 
 143 
 imaps 
 993 




 pop3 
 110 
 pop3s 
 995 




 ldap 
 389 
 ldaps 
 636 
 
The encryption costs CPU time. 
 As a CPU friendly alternative, you can keep communication in plain text
 while securing just the password with the secure authentication 
protocol such as "Authenticated Post Office Protocol" (APOP) for POP and
 "Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5" (CRAM-MD5) for SMTP 
and IMAP. 
 
 
The Secure Shell (SSH)
program provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted
hosts over an insecure network with the secure authentication. It
consists of the OpenSSH client, ssh(1), and the OpenSSH daemon, sshd(8).
This SSH can be used to tunnel an insecure protocol communication such
as POP and X securely over the Internet with the port forwarding
feature.


 
The client tries to authenticate itself using host-based authentication,
 public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, or 
password authentication.  The use of public key authentication enables 
the remote password-less login 
 
 
tools to provide extra security measures















 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 







 knockd 


V:0, I:2


110

 small port-knock daemon knockd(1) and client knock(1) 





 fail2ban 


V:103, I:116


2129

 ban IPs that cause multiple authentication errors 





 libpam-shield 


V:0, I:0


115

 lock out remote attackers trying password guessing 
 
 
The Linux Security Module (LSM) framework provides a mechanism for various security checks to be hooked by new kernel extensions. For example:





 
Linux namespaces
wrap a global system resource in an abstraction that makes it appear to
the processes within the namespace that they have their own isolated
instance of the global resource. Changes to the global resource are
visible to other processes that are members of the namespace, but are
invisible to other processes. Since kernel version 5.6, there are 8
kinds of namespaces (see namespaces(7), unshare(1), nsenter(1)).


 
network configuration tools
















 packages 
 popcon 
 size 
 type 
 description 







 network-manager 


V:377, I:449


15376

 config::NM 
NetworkManager (daemon): manage the network automatically 





 network-manager-gnome 


V:120, I:365


5574

 config::NM 
NetworkManager (GNOME frontend) 





 ifupdown 


V:590, I:982


199

 config::ifupdown 
 standardized tool to bring up and down the network (Debian specific) 





 isc-dhcp-client 


V:214, I:982


2857

 config::low-level 
 DHCP client 





 pppoeconf 


V:0, I:6


186

 config::helper 
 configuration helper for PPPoE connection 





 wpasupplicant 


V:333, I:505


3846

 , , 
 client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) 





 wpagui 


V:0, I:2


770

 , , 
 Qt GUI client for wpa_supplicant 





 wireless-tools 


V:171, I:238


292

 , , 
 tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions 





 iw 


V:33, I:470


302

 , , 
 tool for configuring Linux wireless devices 





 iproute2 


V:713, I:967


3599

 config::iproute2 
iproute2, IPv6 and other advanced network configuration: ip(8), tc(8), etc 





 iptables 


V:310, I:769


2408

 config::Netfilter 
 administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (Netfilter) 





 iputils-ping 


V:198, I:997


120

 test 
 test network reachability of a remote host by hostname or IP address (iproute2) 





 iputils-arping 


V:3, I:44


49

 test 
 test network reachability of a remote host specified by the ARP address 





 iputils-tracepath 


V:2, I:33


45

 test 
 trace the network path to a remote host 





 ethtool 


V:93, I:267


699

 test 
 display or change Ethernet device settings 





 mtr-tiny 


V:5, I:48


161

 test::low-level 
 trace the network path to a remote host (curses) 





 mtr 


V:4, I:42


214

 , , 
 trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK) 





 gnome-nettool 


V:0, I:20


2492

 , , 
 tools for common network information operations (GNOME) 





 nmap 


V:24, I:205


4450

 , , 
 network mapper / port scanner (Nmap, console) 





 tcpdump 


V:16, I:180


1340

 , , 
 network traffic analyzer (Tcpdump, console) 





 wireshark 


I:44


36

 , , 
 network traffic analyzer (Wireshark, GTK) 





 tshark 


V:2, I:26


402

 , , 
 network traffic analyzer (console) 





 tcptrace 


V:0, I:2


401

 , , 
 produce a summarization of the connections from tcpdump output 





 snort 


V:0, I:0


2203

 , , 
 flexible network intrusion detection system (Snort) 





 ntopng 


V:0, I:1


15904

 , , 
 display network usage in web browser 





 dnsutils 


V:20, I:312


263

 , , 
 network clients provided with BIND: nslookup(8), nsupdate(8), dig(8) 





 dlint 


V:0, I:4


53

 , , 
 check DNS zone information using nameserver lookups 





 dnstracer 


V:0, I:1


61

 , , 
 trace a chain of DNS servers to the source 
 
 
The hostname resolution is currently supported by the NSS (Name Service Switch) mechanism too. The flow of this resolution is the following.




  1. 

     The "/etc/nsswitch.conf" file with stanza like "hosts: files dns" dictates the hostname resolution order. (This replaces the old functionality of the "order" stanza in "/etc/host.conf".) 
    

  2. 

     The files method is invoked first. If the hostname is found in the "/etc/hosts" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits. (The "/etc/host.conf" file contains "multi on".) 
    

  3. 

     The dns method is invoked. If the hostname is found by the query to the Internet Domain Name System (DNS) identified by the "/etc/resolv.conf" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits. 
    



 
The resolvconf package makes this "/etc/resolv.conf" into a symbolic link and manages its contents by the hook scripts automatically.
For the PC workstation on the typical adhoc LAN environment, the hostname can be resolved via Multicast DNS (mDNS, Zeroconf) in addition to the basic files and dns methods.




  • 

    Avahi provides a framework for Multicast DNS Service Discovery on Debian. 
    

  • 

     It is equivalent of Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous. 
    

  • 

     The libnss-mdns plugin
package provides host name resolution via mDNS for the GNU Name Service
Switch (NSS) functionality of the GNU C Library (glibc). 
    

  • 

     The "/etc/nsswitch.conf" file should have stanza like "hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4". 
    

  • 

     Host names ending with the ".local" pseudo-top-level domain (TLD) are resolved. 
    

  • 

     The mDNS IPv4 link-local multicast address "224.0.0.251" or its IPv6 equivalent "FF02::FB" are used to make DNS query for a name ending with ".local". 
    



 
The systemd uses "Predictable Network Interface Names" such as "enp0s25".
  1. Names incorporating Firmware/BIOS provided index numbers for on-board devices (example: eno1) 
  2. Names incorporating Firmware/BIOS provided PCI Express hotplug slot index numbers (example: ens1) 
  3. Names incorporating physical/geographical location of the connector of the hardware (example: enp2s0) 
  4. Names incorporating the interfaces's MAC address (example: enx78e7d1ea46da) 
  5. Classic, unpredictable kernel-native ethX naming (example: eth0)
to  disable it ln -s /dev/null /etc/systemd/network/99-default.link
 
 List of network address ranges
            

            

              

                
                  
                  
                  
                  
                  
                
                
                  

                     Class 
                     network addresses 
                     net mask 
                     net mask /bits 
                     number of subnets 
                  

                
                
                  

                     A 
                     10.x.x.x 
                     255.0.0.0 
                     /8 
                     1 
                  

                  

                     B 
                     172.16.x.x — 172.31.x.x 
                     255.255.0.0 
                     /16 
                     16 
                  

                  

                     C 
                     192.168.0.x — 192.168.255.x 
                     255.255.255.0 
                     /24 
                     256 
                  

                
              

            
 
systemd-networkd
/etc/systemd/network/dhcp.network
[Match]
Name=en*

[Network]
DHCP=yes
 
/etc/systemd/network/static.network
[Match]
Name=en*

[Network]
Address=192.168.0.15/24
Gateway=192.168.0.1
 
translation table from obsolete net-tools commands to new iproute2 commands














 obsolete net-tools 
 new iproute2 etc. 
 manipulation 






ifconfig(8) 
 ip addr 
 protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device 




route(8) 
 ip route 
 routing table entry 




arp(8) 
 ip neigh 
 ARP or NDISC cache entry 




 ipmaddr 
 ip maddr 
 multicast address 




 iptunnel 
 ip tunnel 
 tunnel over IP 




nameif(8) 
ifrename(8) 
 name network interfaces based on MAC addresses 




mii-tool(8) 
ethtool(8) 
 Ethernet device settings 
   

 List of low level network commands
            

            

              

                
                  
                  
                
                
                  

                     command 
                     description 
                  

                
                
                  

                     ip addr show 
                     display the link and address status of active interfaces 
                  

                  

                     route -n 
                     display all the routing table in numerical addresses 
                  

                  

                     ip route show 
                     display all the routing table in numerical addresses 
                  

                  

                     arp 
                     display the current content of the ARP cache tables 
                  

                  

                     ip neigh 
                     display the current content of the ARP cache tables 
                  

                  

                     plog 
                     display ppp daemon log 
                  

                  

                     ping yahoo.com 
                     check the Internet connection to "yahoo.com" 
                  

                  

                     whois yahoo.com 
                     check who registered "yahoo.com" in the domains database 
                  

                  

                     traceroute yahoo.com 
                     trace the Internet connection to "yahoo.com" 
                  

                  

                     tracepath yahoo.com 
                     trace the Internet connection to "yahoo.com" 
                  

                  

                     mtr yahoo.com 
                     trace the Internet connection to "yahoo.com" (repeatedly) 
                  

                  

                     dig [@dns-server.com] example.com [{a|mx|any}] 
                     check DNS records of "example.com" by "dns-server.com" for a "a", "mx", or "any" record 
                  

                  

                     iptables -L -n 
                     check packet filter 
                  

                  

                     netstat -a 
                     find all open ports 
                  

                  

                     netstat -l --inet 
                     find listening ports 
                  

                  

                     netstat -ln --tcp 
                     find listening TCP ports (numeric) 
                  

                  

                     dlint example.com 
                     check DNS zone information of "example.com" 
                  

                
              

            

  finding mtu
 ping -4 -c 1 -s $((1500-28)) -M do www.debian.org  
ping -4 -c 1 -s $((1460-28)) -M do www.debian.org
  ping -6 -c 1 -s $((1500-48)) -M do www.debian.org
 
MTU= Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) 
 optimal MTU value














 network environment 
 MTU 
 rationale 






 Dial-up link (IP: PPP) 
 576 
 standard 




 Ethernet link (IP: DHCP or fixed) 
 1500 
 standard and default 
 
MSS=maximum segment size 


  • 

     MSS = MTU - 40 for IPv4 
    

  • 

     MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6 
      
     
 
List of firewall tools















 packages 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 







 iptables 


V:310, I:769


2408

 administration tools for netfilter (iptables(8) for IPv4, ip6tables(8) for IPv6) 





 arptables 


V:0, I:1


100

 administration tools for netfilter (arptables(8) for ARP) 





 ebtables 


V:14, I:29


264

 administration tools for netfilter (ebtables(8) for Ethernet bridging) 





 iptstate 


V:0, I:2


119

 continuously monitor netfilter state (similar to top(1)) 





 shorewall-init 


V:0, I:0


85

Shoreline Firewall initialization 





 shorewall 


V:3, I:9


3090

Shoreline Firewall, netfilter configuration file generator 





 shorewall-lite 


V:0, I:0


71

Shoreline Firewall, netfilter configuration file generator (light version) 





 shorewall6 


V:0, I:1


1334

Shoreline Firewall, netfilter configuration file generator (IPv6 version) 





 shorewall6-lite 


V:0, I:0


71

Shoreline Firewall, netfilter configuration file generator (IPv6, light version) 









 
 

Modern mail service are under some limitations in order to
minimize exposure to the spam (unwanted and unsolicited email) problems.




  • 

    It is not realistic to run SMTP server on the consumer grade network to send mail directly to the remote host reliably.
    

  • 

    A mail may be rejected by any host en route to the destination quietly unless it appears as authentic as possible.
    

  • 

    It is not realistic to expect a single smarthost to send mails of unrelated source mail addresses to the remote host reliably.
    





This is because:




  • 

    The SMTP port (25) connections from hosts serviced by the consumer grade network to the Internet are blocked.
    

    • 

  • 

    The SMTP port (25) connections to hosts serviced by the consumer grade network from the Internet are blocked.
    

    • 

  • 

    The outgoing messages from hosts serviced by the
consumer grade network to the Internet can only be sent via the message
submission port (587).
    

    • 
    

     
     
     
    basic mail transport agent related packages

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 

    
    


    

 exim4-daemon-light 


V:233, I:244


1504

 Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: Debian default) 

    

    

 exim4-daemon-heavy 


V:6, I:7


1662

 Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: flexible alternative) 

    

    

 exim4-base 


V:240, I:252


1672

 Exim4 documentation (text) and common files 

    

    

 exim4-doc-html 


I:1


3748

 Exim4 documentation (html) 

    

    

 exim4-doc-info 


I:0


639

 Exim4 documentation (info) 

    

    

 postfix 


V:129, I:138


4024

 Postfix mail transport agent (MTA: secure alternative) 

    

    

 postfix-doc 


I:7


4634

 Postfix documentation (html+text) 

    

    

 sasl2-bin 


V:5, I:15


401

 Cyrus SASL API implementation (supplement postfix for SMTP AUTH) 

    

    

 cyrus-sasl2-doc 


I:1


2175

 Cyrus SASL - documentation 

    

    

 msmtp 


V:6, I:11


616

 Light weight MTA 

    

    

 msmtp-mta 


V:5, I:6


124

 Light weight MTA (sendmail compatibility extension to msmtp) 

    

    

 esmtp 


V:0, I:0


129

 Light weight MTA 

    

    

 esmtp-run 


V:0, I:0


32

 Light weight MTA (sendmail compatibility extension to esmtp) 

    

    

 nullmailer 


V:8, I:9


476

 Strip down MTA, no local mail 

    

    

 ssmtp 


V:5, I:8


2

 Strip down MTA, no local mail 

    

    

 sendmail-bin 


V:14, I:14


1877

 Full featured MTA (only if you are already familiar) 

    

    

 courier-mta 


V:0, I:0


2390

 Full featured MTA (web interface etc.) 

    
    

    

    
    

     
     
     List of remote access server and utilities

    

    

    









    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 tool 
 description 

    
    


    

 openssh-client 


V:854, I:997


5814

ssh(1) 
 Secure shell client 

    

    

 openssh-server 


V:723, I:818


1948

sshd(8) 
 Secure shell server 

    

    

 ssh-askpass 


I:23


102

ssh-askpass(1) 
 asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (plain X) 

    

    

 ssh-askpass-gnome 


V:0, I:4


209

ssh-askpass-gnome(1) 
 asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME) 

    

    

 ssh-askpass-fullscreen 


V:0, I:0


48

ssh-askpass-fullscreen(1) 
 asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME) with extra eye candy 

    

    

 shellinabox 


V:0, I:1


507

shellinaboxd(1) 
 web server for browser accessible VT100 terminal emulator 

    
    

    

    
    

     
    List of SSH configuration files

    

    

    






    
 configuration file 
 description of configuration file 

    
    


    
 /etc/ssh/ssh_config 
 SSH client defaults, see ssh_config(5) 

    

    
 /etc/ssh/sshd_config 
 SSH server defaults, see sshd_config(5) 

    

    
 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys 
 default public SSH keys that clients use to connect to this account on this SSH server 

    

    
 ~/.ssh/id_rsa 
 secret SSH-2 RSA key of the user 

    

    
 ~/.ssh/id_key-type-name 
 secret SSH-2 key-type-name key such as ecdsa, ed25519, ... of the user 

    
    

    

      
     
     
    List of print servers and utilities

    

    

    









    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 port 
 description 

    
    


    

 lpr 


V:2, I:3


367

 printer (515) 
 BSD lpr/lpd (Line printer daemon) 

    

    

 lprng 


V:0, I:1


3060

 , , 
 , , (Enhanced) 

    

    

 cups 


V:102, I:431


1061

 IPP (631) 
 Internet Printing CUPS server 

    

    

 cups-client 


V:119, I:454


425

 , , 
System V printer commands for CUPS: lp(1), lpstat(1), lpoptions(1), cancel(1), lpmove(8), lpinfo(8), lpadmin(8), … 

    

    

 cups-bsd 


V:30, I:230


131

 , , 
BSD printer commands for CUPS: lpr(1), lpq(1), lprm(1), lpc(8) 

    

    

 printer-driver-gutenprint 


V:25, I:138


1219

 Not applicable 
 printer drivers for CUPS 

    
    

    

    
    

    

    

    

    


    other network application servers

    

    

    









    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 protocol 
 description 

    
    


    

 telnetd 


V:0, I:2


53

 TELNET 
 TELNET server 

    

    

 telnetd-ssl 


V:0, I:0


159

 , , 
 , , (SSL support) 

    

    

 nfs-kernel-server 


V:48, I:66


677

 NFS 
 Unix file sharing 

    

    

 samba 


V:107, I:135


4038

 SMB 
 Windows file and printer sharing 

    

    

 netatalk 


V:1, I:2


2010

 ATP 
 Apple/Mac file and printer sharing (AppleTalk) 

    

    

 proftpd-basic 


V:10, I:18


452

 FTP 
 General file download 

    

    

 apache2 


V:220, I:273


563

 HTTP 
 General web server 

    

    

 squid 


V:10, I:11


9053

 , , 
 General web proxy server 

    

    

 bind9 


V:46, I:51


1131

 DNS 
 IP address for other hosts 

    

    

 isc-dhcp-server 


V:19, I:39


6061

 DHCP 
 IP address of client itself 

    
    

    

      
     
     List of desktop environment

    

    

    








    
 task package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 

    
    


    

 task-gnome-desktop 


I:191


9

 GNOME desktop environment 

    

    

 task-xfce-desktop 


I:97


9

 Xfce desktop environment 

    

    

 task-kde-desktop 


I:78


6

 KDE Plasma desktop environment 

    

    

 task-mate-desktop 


I:44


9

 MATE desktop environment 

    

    

 task-cinnamon-desktop 


I:41


9

 Cinnamon desktop environment 

    

    

 task-lxde-desktop 


I:30


9

 LXDE desktop environment 

    

    

 task-lxqt-desktop 


I:19


9

 LXQt desktop environment 

    

    

 task-gnome-flashback-desktop 


I:13


6

 GNOME Flashback desktop environment 

    
    

    

    
    

     
    List of notable GUI infrastructure packages on gnome

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 package size 
 description 

    
    


    

 mutter 


V:1, I:74


185

 GNOME's mutter window manager [auto] 

    

    

 xwayland 


V:215, I:295


2363

 An X server running on top of wayland [auto] 

    

    

 gnome-remote-desktop 


V:43, I:196


1063

 Remote desktop daemon for GNOME using PipeWire [auto] 

    

    

 gnome-tweaks 


V:19, I:219


1200

 Advanced configuration settings for GNOME 

    

    

 gnome-shell-extension-prefs 


V:13, I:195


59

 Tool to enable / disable GNOME Shell extensions 

    
    

    

      
     locale
    • 

       Internationalization (I18N): To make a software potentially handle multiple locales. 
    • 

       Localization (L10N): To make a software handle an specific locale. 
      

     There are 17, 18, or 10 letters between "m" and "n", "i" and "n", or "l"
and "n" in multilingualization, internationalization, and localization
which correspond to M17N, I18N, and L10N
     
     Actual support of locale dependent features by the libc library requires to install locales or locales-all packages. The locales package requires to be initialized properly.
     
    If neither locales or locales-all package are installed, support of locale features are lost and system uses US English messages and handles data as ASCII. This behavior is the same way as "$LANG" is set by "LANG=", "LANG=C", or "LANG=POSIX".
     
    The simplest representation of the text data is ASCII which is sufficient for English and uses less than 127 characters (representable with 7 bits).
     
    Even plain English text may
contain non-ASCII characters, e.g. slightly curly left and right
quotation marks are not available in ASCII.
     
    Unicode
character set can represent practically all characters known to human
with 21 bit code point range (i.e., 0 to 10FFFF in hexadecimal
notation).
    Text encoding system UTF-8
fits Unicode code points into a sensible 8 bit data stream mostly
compatible with the ASCII data processing system. This makes UTF-8 the modern preferred choice. UTF stands for Unicode Transformation Format. When ASCII plain text data is converted to UTF-8 one, it has exactly the same content and size as the original ASCII one. So you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale.
     
    LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8
    dpkg-reconfigure locales
     
      

    1. 

       Select all required locale data to be compiled into the binary form. (Please make sure to include at least one UTF-8 locale)
      

      2. 

    2. 

       Set the system wide default locale value by creating "/etc/default/locale" for use by PAM (see Section 4.5, “PAM and NSS”). 
      

    

    Actual traditional encoding system can be identified by "/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED".  Thus,
     the "LANG=en_US" is "LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1".  
     
    The locales-all package comes with pre-compiled locale data for all locale data. Since it doesn't create "/etc/default/locale", you may still need to install the locales package, too.
     
     mount(8) for vfat filesystem assumes CP437 if used without option. You need to provide explicit mount option to use UTF-8 or CP932 for filenames 

    /usr/share/man/it/
    LANG=it_IT.UTF-8 man programname
     
     
    IBus and its engine packages

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 supported locale 

    
    


    

 ibus 


V:179, I:229


1710

 input method framework using dbus 

    

    

 ibus-mozc 


V:1, I:3


935

 Japanese 

    

    

 ibus-anthy 


V:0, I:1


8856

 , , 

    

    

 ibus-skk 


V:0, I:0


242

 , , 

    

    

 ibus-kkc 


V:0, I:0


210

 , , 

    

    

 ibus-libpinyin 


V:1, I:3


2719

 Chinese (for zh_CN) 

    

    

 ibus-chewing 


V:0, I:0


422

 , , (for zh_TW) 

    

    

 ibus-libzhuyin 


V:0, I:0


40987

 , , (for zh_TW) 

    

    

 ibus-rime 


V:0, I:0


77

 , , (for zh_CN/zh_TW) 

    

    

 ibus-cangjie 


V:0, I:0


119

 , , (for zh_HK) 

    

    

 ibus-hangul 


V:0, I:2


264

 Korean 

    

    

 ibus-libthai 


I:0


90

 Thai 

    

    

 ibus-table-thai 


I:0


58

 Thai 

    

    

 ibus-unikey 


V:0, I:0


318

 Vietnamese 

    

    

 ibus-keyman 


V:0, I:0


137

 Multilingual: Keyman engine for over 2000 languages 

    

    

 ibus-table 


V:0, I:1


2137

 table engine for IBus 

    

    

 ibus-m17n 


V:0, I:1


377

 Multilingual: Indic, Arabic and others 

    

    

 plasma-widgets-addons 


V:44, I:95


1984

 additional widgets for Plasma 5 containing Keyboard Indicator 
      
     For Chinese, "fcitx5" may be an alternative input method framework
     
     East Asian Ambiguous Character Width Characters
    export NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS=0.   
     
    bsdutils 
    /usr/bin/logger
/usr/bin/renice
/usr/bin/script
/usr/bin/scriptlive
/usr/bin/scriptreplay
/usr/bin/wall
     
    debianutils  needed for bash/dash
    /bin/run-parts
/bin/tempfile
/sbin/installkernel
/usr/bin/ischroot
/usr/bin/savelog
/usr/bin/which.debianutils
/usr/sbin/add-shell
/usr/sbin/remove-shell
/usr/sbin/update-shells
/usr/share/debianutils/shells
     
    f programs to support console activities

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 

    
    


    

 mc 


V:48, I:213


1490

 See Section 1.3, “Midnight Commander (MC)” 

    

    

 bsdutils 


V:560, I:999


356

 script(1) command to make a record of terminal session 

    

    

 screen 


V:77, I:240


997

 terminal multiplexer with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation 

    

    

 tmux 


V:39, I:143


1110

 terminal multiplexer alternative (Use "Control-B" instead) 

    

    

 fzf 


V:4, I:14


3409

 fuzzy text finder 

    

    

 fzy 


V:0, I:0


54

 fuzzy text finder 

    

    

 rlwrap 


V:1, I:14


330

 readline feature command line wrapper 

    

    

 ledit 


V:0, I:10


315

 readline feature command line wrapper 

    

    

 rlfe 


V:0, I:0


42

 readline feature command line wrapper 

    

    

 ripgrep 


V:4, I:16


4517

 fast recursive string search in the source code tree with automatic filtering 

    
    

    

      
     
    . List of key bindings for screen

    

    

    






    
 key binding 
 meaning 

    
    


    
 ^A ? 
 show a help screen (display key bindings) 

    

    
 ^A c 
 create a new window and switch to it 

    

    
 ^A n 
 go to next window 

    

    
 ^A p 
 go to previous window 

    

    
 ^A 0 
 go to window number 0 

    

    
 ^A 1 
 go to window number 1 

    

    
 ^A w 
 show a list of windows 

    

    
 ^A a 
 send a Ctrl-A to current window as keyboard input 

    

    
 ^A h 
 write a hardcopy of current window to file 

    

    
 ^A H 
 begin/end logging current window to file 

    

    
 ^A ^X 
 lock the terminal (password protected) 

    

    
 ^A d 
 detach screen session from the terminal 

    

    
 ^A DD 
 detach screen session and log out 

    
    

    

    
    

     
    fzf completions
    FZF_KEYBINDINGS_PATH=/usr/share/doc/fzf/examples/key-bindings.bash
if [ -f $FZF_KEYBINDINGS_PATH ]; then
  . $FZF_KEYBINDINGS_PATH
fi
FZF_COMPLETION_PATH=/usr/share/doc/fzf/examples/completion.bash
if [ -f $FZF_COMPLETION_PATH ]; then
  . $FZF_COMPLETION_PATH
fi
     
    rlwrap dash -i
     
    rg = ripgrep

    Display examples of time and date for the "ls -l" command with the time style value

    

    

    







    
 time style value 
 locale 
 display of time and date 

    
    


    
 iso 
 any 
 01-19 00:15 

    

    
 long-iso 
 any 
 2009-01-19 00:15 

    

    
 full-iso 
 any 
 2009-01-19 00:15:16.000000000 +0900 

    

    
 locale 
 C 
 Jan 19 00:15 

    

    
 locale 
 en_US.UTF-8 
 Jan 19 00:15 

    

    
 locale 
 es_ES.UTF-8 
 ene 19 00:15 

    

    
 +%d.%m.%y %H:%M 
 any 
 19.01.09 00:15 

    

    
 +%d.%b.%y %H:%M 
 C or en_US.UTF-8 
 19.Jan.09 00:15 

    

    
 +%d.%b.%y %H:%M 
 es_ES.UTF-8 
 19.ene.09 00:15 

    
    

    

    
    

     
    

    $ RED=$(printf "\x1b[31m")
$ NORMAL=$(printf "\x1b[0m")
$ REVERSE=$(printf "\x1b[7m")
$ echo "${RED}RED-TEXT${NORMAL} ${REVERSE}REVERSE-TEXT${NORMAL}"
     
    clolr cmd
    if [ "$TERM" != "dumb" ]; then
    eval "`dircolors -b`"
    alias ls='ls --color=always'
    alias ll='ls --color=always -l'
    alias la='ls --color=always -A'
    alias less='less -R'
    alias ls='ls --color=always'
    alias grep='grep --color=always'
    alias egrep='egrep --color=always'
    alias fgrep='fgrep --color=always'
    alias zgrep='zgrep --color=always'
else
    alias ll='ls -l'
    alias la='ls -A'
fi
     
    . List of packages which can record configuration history

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 

    
    


    

 etckeeper 


V:25, I:29


164

 store configuration files and their metadata with Git (default), Mercurial, or Bazaar (new) 

    

    

 timeshift 


V:5, I:9


3421

 system restore utility using rsync or BTRFS snapshots 

    

    

 snapper 


V:4, I:5


2351

 Linux filesystem snapshot management tool 

    
    

    

      

    List of tools for monitoring and controlling program activities

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 

    
    


    

 coreutils 


V:876, I:999


18062

nice(1): run a program with modified scheduling priority 

    

    

 bsdutils 


V:560, I:999


356

renice(1): modify the scheduling priority of a running process 

    

    

 procps 


V:750, I:999


2163

 "/proc" filesystem utilities: ps(1), top(1), kill(1), watch(1), … 

    

    

 psmisc 


V:404, I:785


909

 "/proc" filesystem utilities: killall(1), fuser(1), peekfd(1), pstree(1) 

    

    

 time 


V:8, I:149


129

 time(1): run a program to report system resource usages with respect to time 

    

    

 sysstat 


V:153, I:175


1785

 sar(1), iostat(1), mpstat(1), …: system performance tools for Linux 

    

    

 isag 


V:0, I:3


106

 Interactive System Activity Grapher for sysstat 

    

    

 lsof 


V:401, I:943


482

 lsof(8): list files opened by a running process using "-p" option 

    

    

 strace 


V:12, I:124


2875

 strace(1): trace system calls and signals 

    

    

 ltrace 


V:0, I:15


330

 ltrace(1): trace library calls 

    

    

 xtrace 


V:0, I:0


353

 xtrace(1): trace communication between X11 client and server 

    

    

 powertop 


V:17, I:211


669

 powertop(1): information about system power use 

    

    

 cron 


V:856, I:996


227

 run processes according to a schedule in background from cron(8) daemon 

    

    

 anacron 


V:383, I:472


92

 cron-like command scheduler for systems that don't run 24 hours a day 

    

    

 at 


V:109, I:171


158

 at(1) or batch(1): run a job at a specified time or below certain load level 

    
    

    

    
    

     
    Display time used by the process invoked by the command.
     
    time some_command >/dev/null
     
    real    0m0.035s       # time on wall clock (elapsed real time)
user    0m0.000s       # time in user mode
sys     0m0.020s       # time in kernel mode

     List of nice values for the scheduling priority

    

    

    






    
 nice value 
 scheduling priority 

    
    


    
 19 
 lowest priority process (nice) 

    

    
 0 
 very high priority process for user 

    

    
 -20 
 very high priority process for root (not-nice) 
     
     
    nice  -19 top                                      # very nice
nice --20 wodim -v -eject speed=2 dev=0,0 disk.img # very fast
    

    Sometimes an extreme nice value does more harm than good to the system
     
    List of ps command styles

    

    

    







    
 style 
 typical command 
 feature 

    
    


    
 BSD 
 ps aux 
 display %CPU %MEM 

    

    
 System V 
 ps -efH 
 display PPID 
     
    sudo lsof -p 1
     
    You can trace system calls of the ls command as the following.
     sudo strace ls
     
     
     Use strace-graph script found in /usr/share/doc/strace/examples/ to make a nice tree view 
     
    You can also identify processes using files by fuser
    sudo fuser -v /var/log/mail.log
    You can also identify processes using sockets by fuser
     sudo fuser -v smtp/tcp
    watch w

    This displays who is logged on to the system updated every 2 seconds.
     looping 
    for x in *.ext; do if [ -f "$x"]; then command "$x" ; fi; done
    

    

    • 

      find(1) and xargs(1) combination: 
      

    

    

    find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -print0 | xargs -0 -n 1 command
    

    

    • 

      find(1) with "-exec" option with a command: 
      

    

    

    find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec command '{}' \;
    

    

    • 

      find(1) with "-exec" option with a short shell script: 
      

    

    

    find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec sh -c "command '{}' && echo 'successful'" \;
     
     
    update-alternatives(1) system for programs such as "editor", "view", "x-www-browser", "gnome-www-browser", and "www-browser"  
    The debianutils package provides sensible-browser(1), sensible-editor(1), and sensible-pager(1)
which make sensible decisions on which editor, pager, and web browser
to call, respectively. 
     
    

    Use kill(1) to kill (or send a signal to) a process by the process ID.
    

    Use killall(1) or pkill(1) to do the same by the process command name and other attributes.
      signals for kill command
    signal value     signal name     action     note
    0     ---     no signal is sent (see kill(2))     check if process is running
    1     SIGHUP     terminate the process     disconnected terminal (signal hang up)
    2     SIGINT     terminate the process     interrupt from keyboard (CTRL-C)
    3     SIGQUIT     terminate the process and dump core     quit from keyboard (CTRL-\)
    9     SIGKILL     terminate the process     unblockable kill signal
    15     SIGTERM     terminate the process     blockable termination signal 



    Pressing Alt-SysRq (PrtScr) followed by one keys does the magic of rescuing control of the system.
    SAK command keys

    

    

    






    
 key following Alt-SysRq 
 description of action 

    
    


    
 k 
kill all processes on the current virtual console (SAK) 

    

    
 s 
sync all mounted filesystems to avoid data corruption 

    

    
 u 
 remount all mounted filesystems read-only (umount) 

    

    
 r 
 restore the keyboard from raw mode after X crashes 
     https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/sysrq.html
    

    		
Tip

    

    


    From SSH terminal etc., you can use the Alt-SysRq feature by writing to the "/proc/sysrq-trigger". For example, "echo s > /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u > /proc/sysrq-trigger" from the root shell prompt syncs and umounts all mounted filesystems.
     
    Debian amd64 Linux kernel has /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq=438  =0b110110110 
    /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq:

    

    • 0 - disable sysrq completely
    • 1 - enable all functions of sysrq
    • >1 - bitmask of allowed sysrq functions (see below for detailed function
description):
      

        2 =   0x2 - enable control of console logging level
  4 =   0x4 - enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw)
  8 =   0x8 - enable debugging dumps of processes etc.
 16 =  0x10 - enable sync command
 32 =  0x20 - enable remount read-only
 64 =  0x40 - enable signalling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill)
128 =  0x80 - allow reboot/poweroff
256 = 0x100 - allow nicing of all RT tasks

      

      

    


    ou can check who is on the system by the following.
    

    

    • 

      who(1) shows who is logged on. 
      

    • 

      w(1) shows who is logged on and what they are doing. 
      

    • 

      last(1) shows listing of last logged in user. 
      

    • 

      lastb(1) shows listing of last bad logged in users. 
      

    

    

    

    

    

[Tip]

Tip

    

    


    "/var/run/utmp", and "/var/log/wtmp" hold such user information. See login(1) and utmp(5).
    
    		

    

    

    
    

    

    

    

    

    lspci -nn
    /proc/bus/pci/devices
    tree /sys/bus/pci 
     List of hardware identification tools

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 

    
    


    

 pciutils 


V:232, I:991


212

 Linux PCI Utilities: lspci(8) 

    

    

 usbutils 


V:72, I:865


320

 Linux USB utilities: lsusb(8) 

    

    

 nvme-cli 


V:11, I:18


1486

 NVMe utilities for Linux: nvme(1) 

    

    

 pcmciautils 


V:7, I:11


91

 PCMCIA utilities for Linux: pccardctl(8) 

    

    

 scsitools 


V:0, I:2


375

 collection of tools for SCSI hardware management: lsscsi(8) 

    

    

 procinfo 


V:0, I:8


132

 system information obtained from "/proc": lsdev(8) 

    

    

 lshw 


V:13, I:91


919

 information about hardware configuration: lshw(1) 

    

    

 discover 


V:39, I:955


98

 hardware identification system: discover(8) 

    hardware configuration tools

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 

    
    


    

 console-setup 


V:96, I:966


428

 Linux console font and keytable utilities 

    

    

 x11-xserver-utils 


V:291, I:520


576

 X server utilities: xset(1), xmodmap(1) 

    

    

 acpid 


V:94, I:170


154

 daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) 

    

    

 acpi 


V:10, I:157


47

 utility to display information on ACPI devices 

    

    

 sleepd 


V:0, I:0


86

 daemon to put a laptop to sleep during inactivity 

    

    

 hdparm 


V:206, I:383


256

 hard disk access optimization (see Section 9.6.9, “Optimization of hard disk”) 

    

    

 smartmontools 


V:196, I:244


2199

 control and monitor storage systems using S.M.A.R.T. 

    

    

 setserial 


V:4, I:7


103

 collection of tools for serial port management 

    

    

 memtest86+ 


V:1, I:22


12687

 collection of tools for memory hardware management 

    

    

 scsitools 


V:0, I:2


375

 collection of tools for SCSI hardware management 

    

    

 setcd 


V:0, I:0


37

 compact disc drive access optimization 

    

    

 big-cursor 


I:0


26

 larger mouse cursors for X 

    
    

    

    
    


    hwclock --utc --systohc
    hwclock --show
     
    "/etc/terminfo/*/*"
    "$TERM" environment variable
    setterm(1), stty(1), tic(1), and toe(1)   
     
    aplay /dev/urandom
     
    List of sound packages

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 

    
    


    

 alsa-utils 


V:317, I:459


2537

 utilities for configuring and using ALSA 

    

    

 oss-compat 


V:1, I:17


20

 OSS compatibility under ALSA preventing "/dev/dsp not found" errors 

    

    

 pipewire 


V:253, I:309


111

audio and video processing engine multimedia server - metapackage 

    

    

 pipewire-bin 


V:264, I:309


1607

audio and video processing engine multimedia server - audio server and CLI programs 

    

    

 pipewire-alsa 


V:66, I:111


204

audio and video processing engine multimedia server - audio server to replace ALSA 

    

    

 pipewire-pulse 


V:108, I:154


48

audio and video processing engine multimedia server - audio server to replace PulseAudio 

    

    

 pulseaudio 


V:288, I:347


6462

PulseAudio server 

    

    

 libpulse0 


V:395, I:576


969

PulseAudio client library 

    

    

 jackd 


V:2, I:20


9

JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK) server (low latency) 

    

    

 libjack0 


V:1, I:10


329

JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK) library (low latency) 

    

    

 libgstreamer1.0-0 


V:415, I:587


4441

GStreamer: GNOME sound engine 

    

    

 libphonon4qt5-4 


V:73, I:163


572

Phonon: KDE sound engine 

    
    

    

      
    List of commands for disabling the screen saver

    

    

    






    
 environment 
 command 

    
    


    
 The Linux console 
 setterm -powersave off 

    

    
 The X Window (turning off screensaver) 
 xset s off 

    

    
 The X Window (disabling dpms) 
 xset -dpms 

    

    
 The X Window (GUI configuration of screen saver) 
 xscreensaver-command -prefs 

    
    

    

    
    

     
    echo "set bell-style none">> ~/.inputrc
     
    ystem security and integrity check

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 

    
    


    

 logcheck 


V:6, I:8


110

 daemon to mail anomalies in the system logfiles to the administrator 

    

    

 debsums 


V:5, I:36


98

 utility to verify installed package files against MD5 checksums 

    

    

 chkrootkit 


V:7, I:18


924

rootkit detector 

    

    

 clamav 


V:9, I:47


28695

 anti-virus utility for Unix - command-line interface 

    

    

 tiger 


V:1, I:2


7800

 report system security vulnerabilities 

    

    

 tripwire 


V:2, I:2


12088

 file and directory integrity checker 

    

    

 john 


V:1, I:9


471

 active password cracking tool 

    

    

 aide 


V:1, I:1


289

 Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - static binary 

    

    

 integrit 


V:0, I:0


2659

 file integrity verification program 

    

    

 crack 


V:0, I:1


152

 password guessing program 
    Since the debsums package uses MD5 checksums stored locally, it can not be fully trusted as the system security audit tool against malicious attacks.
     
    find / -perm 777 -a \! -type s -a \! -type l -a \! \( -type d -a -perm 1777 \)

    filesystem management packages

    

    

    








    
 package 
 popcon 
 size 
 description 

    
    


    

 e2fsprogs 


V:742, I:999


1496

 utilities for the ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems 

    

    

 btrfs-progs 


V:45, I:72


4851

 utilities for the Btrfs filesystem 

    

    

 reiserfsprogs 


V:12, I:26


469

 utilities for the Reiserfs filesystem 

    

    

 zfsutils-linux 


V:28, I:29


1615

 utilities for the OpenZFS filesystem 

    

    

 dosfstools 


V:180, I:526


315

 utilities for the FAT filesystem. (Microsoft: MS-DOS, Windows) 

    

    

 exfatprogs 


V:25, I:318


281

 utilities for the exFAT filesystem maintained by Samsung. 

    

    

 exfat-fuse 


V:7, I:159


73

 read/write exFAT filesystem (Microsoft) driver for FUSE. 

    

    

 exfat-utils 


V:5, I:148


231

 utilities for the exFAT filesystem maintained by the exfat-fuse author. 

    

    

 xfsprogs 


V:23, I:97


3476

 utilities for the XFS filesystem. (SGI: IRIX) 

    

    

 ntfs-3g 


V:196, I:506


1470

 read/write NTFS filesystem (Microsoft: Windows NT, …) driver for FUSE. 

    

    

 jfsutils 


V:0, I:8


1577

 utilities for the JFS filesystem. (IBM: AIX, OS/2) 

    

    

 reiser4progs 


V:0, I:2


1367

 utilities for the Reiser4 filesystem 

    

    

 hfsprogs 


V:0, I:5


394

 utilities for HFS and HFS Plus filesystem. (Apple: Mac OS) 

    

    

 zerofree 


V:5, I:128


25

 program to zero free blocks from ext2/3/4 filesystems 

    
    

    

    
     
     compress btrfs root
      btrfs filesystem defragment -r -v -czstd /
     
    disk image
    cp /dev/sdb disk.img
     dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img
     
    mbr
    dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr.img bs=512 count=1
    dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr-nopart.img bs=446 count=1
     dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr-part.img skip=446 bs=1 count=66
     
    dd if=disk.img of=/dev/sdb
    dd if=partition.img of=/dev/sdb1
     
    losetup -v -f partition.img
    mkdir -p /mnt/loop0
    mount -t auto /dev/loop0 /mnt/loop0
    umount /dev/loop0
    losetup -d /dev/loop0
     
    mkdir -p /mnt/loop0
    mount -t auto -o loop partition.img /mnt/loop0
     umount partition.img
     
     modinfo -p loop # verify kernel capability
    modprobe loop max_part=16
     
    zerofree /dev/loop3
    cp --sparse=always disk.img new.img
     
     empty disk
    dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=disk.img seek=5G
     fallocate can do same
      
    List of packages which view and edit binary data
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     package 
                     popcon 
                     size 
                     description 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                    
                       coreutils 
                    
                    
                      V:876, I:999
                    
                    
                      18062
                    
                     basic package which has od(1) to dump files (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       bsdmainutils 
                    
                    
                      V:15, I:389
                    
                    
                      17
                    
                     utility package which has hd(1) to dump files (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       hexedit 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:9
                    
                    
                      73
                    
                     binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       bless 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:2
                    
                    
                      924
                    
                     full featured hexadecimal editor (GNOME) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       okteta 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:10
                    
                    
                      1581
                    
                     full featured hexadecimal editor (KDE4) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       ncurses-hexedit 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:1
                    
                    
                      130
                    
                     binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       beav 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:0
                    
                    
                      137
                    
                     binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …) 
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
    List of packages for data file recovery and forensic analysis
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     package 
                     popcon 
                     size 
                     description 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                    
                       testdisk 
                    
                    
                      V:2, I:29
                    
                    
                      1413
                    
                     utilities for partition scan and disk recovery 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       magicrescue 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:2
                    
                    
                      255
                    
                     utility to recover files by looking for magic bytes 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       scalpel 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:3
                    
                    
                      88
                    
                     frugal, high performance file carver 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       myrescue 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:2
                    
                    
                      83
                    
                     rescue data from damaged harddisks 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       extundelete 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:8
                    
                    
                      147
                    
                     utility to undelete files on the ext3/4 filesystem 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       ext4magic 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:4
                    
                    
                      233
                    
                     utility to undelete files on the ext3/4 filesystem 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       ext3grep 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:2
                    
                    
                      293
                    
                     tool to help recover deleted files on the ext3 filesystem 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       scrounge-ntfs 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:2
                    
                    
                      50
                    
                     data recovery program for NTFS filesystems 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       gzrt 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:0
                    
                    
                      33
                    
                     gzip recovery toolkit 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       sleuthkit 
                    
                    
                      V:2, I:24
                    
                    
                      1611
                    
                     tools for forensics analysis. (Sleuthkit) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       autopsy 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:1
                    
                    
                      1027
                    
                     graphical interface to SleuthKit 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       foremost 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:5
                    
                    
                      102
                    
                     forensics application to recover data 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       guymager 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:1
                    
                    
                      1021
                    
                     forensic imaging tool based on Qt 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       dcfldd 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:4
                    
                    
                      114
                    
                     enhanced version of dd for forensics and security 
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
    
               
     
    split -b 2000m large_file
    cat x* >large_file
    Please make sure you do not have any files starting with "x" to avoid name crashes.
    
 clear file in use 
    :>file_to_be_cleared
     
     ls -li
     
     lsof -s -X / |grep deleted
     
      
    List of virtualization tools
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     package 
                     popcon 
                     size 
                     description 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                    
                       coreutils 
                    
                    
                      V:876, I:999
                    
                    
                      18062
                    
                     GNU core utilities which contain chroot(8) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       systemd-container 
                    
                    
                      V:48, I:56
                    
                    
                      1299
                    
                     systemd container/nspawn tools which contain systemd-nspawn(1) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       schroot 
                    
                    
                      V:5, I:7
                    
                    
                      2508
                    
                     specialized tool for executing Debian binary packages in chroot 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       sbuild 
                    
                    
                      V:1, I:3
                    
                    
                      243
                    
                     tool for building Debian binary packages from Debian sources 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       debootstrap 
                    
                    
                      V:5, I:55
                    
                    
                      308
                    
                     bootstrap a basic Debian system (written in sh) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       cdebootstrap 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:1
                    
                    
                      111
                    
                     bootstrap a Debian system (written in C) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       virt-manager 
                    
                    
                      V:10, I:42
                    
                    
                      2296
                    
                     Virtual Machine Manager: desktop application for managing virtual machines 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       libvirt-clients 
                    
                    
                      V:44, I:63
                    
                    
                      1212
                    
                     programs for the libvirt library 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       games-emulator 
                    
                    
                      I:0
                    
                    
                      21
                    
                     games-emulator: Debian's emulators for games 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       bochs 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:0
                    
                    
                      6956
                    
                    Bochs: IA-32 PC emulator 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       qemu 
                    
                    
                      I:18
                    
                    
                      97
                    
                     QEMU: fast generic processor emulator 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       qemu-system 
                    
                    
                      I:20
                    
                    
                      66
                    
                     QEMU: full system emulation binaries 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       qemu-user 
                    
                    
                      V:1, I:7
                    
                    
                      103943
                    
                     QEMU: user mode emulation binaries 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       qemu-utils 
                    
                    
                      V:11, I:104
                    
                    
                      10344
                    
                     QEMU: utilities 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       qemu-system-x86 
                    
                    
                      V:33, I:89
                    
                    
                      45580
                    
                     KVM: full virtualization on x86 hardware with the hardware-assisted virtualization 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       virtualbox 
                    
                    
                      V:6, I:8
                    
                    
                      131137
                    
                     VirtualBox: x86 virtualization solution on i386 and amd64 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       xen-tools 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:2
                    
                    
                      719
                    
                     tools to manage debian XEN virtual server 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       wine 
                    
                    
                      V:13, I:59
                    
                    
                      135
                    
                     Wine: Windows API Implementation (standard suite) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       dosbox 
                    
                    
                      V:1, I:15
                    
                    
                      2671
                    
                     DOSBox: x86 emulator with Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA graphics, sound and DOS 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       lxc 
                    
                    
                      V:9, I:12
                    
                    
                      25643
                    
                     Linux containers user space tools 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       python3-venv 
                    
                    
                      I:72
                    
                    
                      6
                    
                     venv for creating virtual python environments (system library) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       python3-virtualenv 
                    
                    
                      V:9, I:49
                    
                    
                      364
                    
                     virtualenv for creating isolated virtual python environments 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       pipx 
                    
                    
                      V:2, I:10
                    
                    
                      931
                    
                     pipx for installing python applications in isolated environments 
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
    
              
            
     
    List of archive and compression tools
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                  
                  
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     package 
                     popcon 
                     size 
                     extension 
                     command 
                     comment 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                    
                       tar 
                    
                    
                      V:907, I:999
                    
                    
                      3144
                    
                     .tar 
                    tar(1) 
                     the standard archiver (de facto standard) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       cpio 
                    
                    
                      V:439, I:998
                    
                    
                      1141
                    
                     .cpio 
                    cpio(1) 
                     Unix System V style archiver, use with find(1) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       binutils 
                    
                    
                      V:164, I:629
                    
                    
                      143
                    
                     .ar 
                    ar(1) 
                     archiver for the creation of static libraries 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       fastjar 
                    
                    
                      V:1, I:15
                    
                    
                      183
                    
                     .jar 
                    fastjar(1) 
                     archiver for Java (zip like) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       pax 
                    
                    
                      V:9, I:16
                    
                    
                      170
                    
                     .pax 
                    pax(1) 
                     new POSIX standard archiver, compromise between tar and cpio 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       gzip 
                    
                    
                      V:872, I:999
                    
                    
                      252
                    
                     .gz 
                    gzip(1), zcat(1), … 
                     GNU LZ77 compression utility (de facto standard) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       bzip2 
                    
                    
                      V:161, I:969
                    
                    
                      121
                    
                     .bz2 
                    bzip2(1), bzcat(1), … 
                    Burrows-Wheeler block-sorting compression utility with higher compression ratio than gzip(1) (slower than gzip with similar syntax) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       lzma 
                    
                    
                      V:1, I:18
                    
                    
                      149
                    
                     .lzma 
                    lzma(1) 
                    LZMA compression utility with higher compression ratio than gzip(1)  (deprecated) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       xz-utils 
                    
                    
                      V:380, I:979
                    
                    
                      1248
                    
                     .xz 
                    xz(1), xzdec(1), … 
                    XZ compression utility with higher compression ratio than bzip2(1) (slower than gzip but faster than bzip2; replacement for LZMA compression utility) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       zstd 
                    
                    
                      V:125, I:325
                    
                    
                      2138
                    
                     .zstd 
                    zstd(1), zstdcat(1), … 
                    Zstandard fast lossless compression utility 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       p7zip 
                    
                    
                      V:114, I:472
                    
                    
                      987
                    
                     .7z 
                    7zr(1), p7zip(1) 
                    7-Zip file archiver with high compression ratio (LZMA compression) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       p7zip-full 
                    
                    
                      V:117, I:474
                    
                    
                      4664
                    
                     .7z 
                    7z(1), 7za(1) 
                    7-Zip file archiver with high compression ratio (LZMA compression and others) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       lzop 
                    
                    
                      V:15, I:139
                    
                    
                      164
                    
                     .lzo 
                    lzop(1) 
                    LZO compression utility with higher compression and decompression speed than gzip(1) (lower compression ratio than gzip with similar syntax) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       zip 
                    
                    
                      V:47, I:387
                    
                    
                      616
                    
                     .zip 
                    zip(1) 
                    InfoZIP: DOS archive and compression tool 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       unzip 
                    
                    
                      V:102, I:774
                    
                    
                      379
                    
                     .zip 
                    unzip(1) 
                    InfoZIP: DOS unarchive and decompression tool 
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
    
              
          
    copy and synchronization tools
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                  
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     package 
                     popcon 
                     size 
                     tool 
                     function 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                    
                       coreutils 
                    
                    
                      V:876, I:999
                    
                    
                      18062
                    
                     GNU cp 
                     locally copy files and directories ("-a" for recursive) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       openssh-client 
                    
                    
                      V:854, I:997
                    
                    
                      5814
                    
                     scp 
                     remotely copy files and directories (client, "-r" for recursive) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       openssh-server 
                    
                    
                      V:723, I:818
                    
                    
                      1948
                    
                     sshd 
                     remotely copy files and directories (remote server) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       rsync 
                    
                    
                      V:249, I:557
                    
                    
                      776
                    
                     
    		
                     1-way remote synchronization and backup 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       unison 
                    
                    
                      V:3, I:13
                    
                    
                      14
                    
                     
    		
                     2-way remote synchronization and backup 
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
     
    Copying files with rsync(8) offers richer features than others.
    

    

    • 

       delta-transfer algorithm that sends only the differences between the source files and the existing files in the destination 
      

    • 

       quick check algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in size or in last-modified time 
      

    • 

       "--exclude" and "--exclude-from" options similar to tar(1) 
      

    • 

       "a trailing slash on the source directory" syntax that avoids creating an additional directory level at the destination. 
      

    

     
    
tar -cvJf archive.tar.xz ./source



     tar -xvJf archive.tar.xz 
     
    List of filesystem choices for removable storage devices with typical usage scenarios
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     filesystem name 
                     typical usage scenario 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                     FAT12 
                     cross platform sharing of data on the floppy disk (<32MiB) 
                  
    
                  
    
                     FAT16 
                     cross platform sharing of data on the small hard disk like device (<2GiB) 
                  
    
                  
    
                     FAT32 
                     cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (<8TiB, supported by newer than MS Windows95 OSR2) 
                  
    
                  
    
                     exFAT 
                     cross platform sharing
 of data on the large hard disk like device (<512TiB, supported by 
WindowsXP, Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.5, and  Linux kernel since 5.4 
release) 
                  
    
                  
    
                     NTFS 
                     cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (supported natively on MS Windows NT and later version, and supported by NTFS-3G via FUSE on Linux) 
                  
    
                  
    
                     ISO9660 
                     cross platform sharing of static data on CD-R and DVD+/-R 
                  
    
                  
    
                     UDF 
                     incremental data writing on CD-R and DVD+/-R (new) 
                  
    
                  
    
                     MINIX 
                     space efficient unix file data storage on the floppy disk 
                  
    
                  
    
                     ext2 
                     sharing of data on the hard disk like device with older Linux systems 
                  
    
                  
    
                     ext3 
                     sharing of data on the hard disk like device with older Linux systems 
                  
    
                  
    
                     ext4 
                     sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems 
                  
    
                  
    
                     btrfs 
                     sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems with read-only snapshots
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
    
              

    data security infrastructure tools
          
    
          
    
            
    
              
                
                
                
                
                
              
              
                
    
                   package 
                   popcon 
                   size 
                   command 
                   description 
                
    
                  
              
                
    
                  
                     gnupg 
                  
                  
                    V:551, I:914
                  
                  
                    885
                  
                   gpg(1) 
                   GNU Privacy Guard -  OpenPGP encryption and signing tool 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     gpgv 
                  
                  
                    V:889, I:999
                  
                  
                    917
                  
                   gpgv(1) 
                   GNU Privacy Guard - signature verification tool 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     paperkey 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:11
                  
                  
                    58
                  
                   paperkey(1) 
                   extract just the secret information out of OpenPGP secret keys 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     cryptsetup 
                  
                  
                    V:36, I:78
                  
                  
                    410
                  
                   cryptsetup(8), … 
                   utilities for dm-crypt block device encryption supporting LUKS 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     coreutils 
                  
                  
                    V:876, I:999
                  
                  
                    18062
                  
                   md5sum(1) 
                   compute and check MD5 message digest 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     coreutils 
                  
                  
                    V:876, I:999
                  
                  
                    18062
                  
                   sha1sum(1) 
                   compute and check SHA1 message digest 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     openssl 
                  
                  
                    V:832, I:995
                  
                  
                    2290
                  
                   openssl(1ssl) 
                   compute message digest with "openssl dgst" (OpenSSL) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     libsecret-tools 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:13
                  
                  
                    41
                  
                   secret-tool(1) 
                   store and retrieve passwords (CLI) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     seahorse 
                  
                  
                    V:74, I:262
                  
                  
                    7987
                  
                   seahorse(1) 
                   key management tool (GNOME) 
                
    
                  
            
    
          
    
        

     GNU Privacy Guard commands for the key management
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     command 
                     description 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                     gpg --gen-key 
                     generate a new key 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --gen-revoke my_user_ID 
                     generate revoke key for my_user_ID 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --edit-key user_ID 
                     edit key interactively, "help" for help 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o file --export 
                     export all keys to file 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --import file 
                     import all keys from file 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --send-keys user_ID 
                     send key of user_ID to keyserver 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --recv-keys user_ID 
                     recv. key of user_ID from keyserver 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --list-keys user_ID 
                     list keys of user_ID 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --list-sigs user_ID 
                     list sig. of user_ID 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --check-sigs user_ID 
                     check sig. of user_ID 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --fingerprint user_ID 
                     check fingerprint of user_ID 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --refresh-keys 
                     update local keyring 
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
    
              

     List of GNU Privacy Guard commands on files
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     command 
                     description 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                     gpg -a -s file 
                     sign file into ASCII armored file.asc 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --armor --sign file 
                     , , 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --clearsign file 
                     clear-sign message 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --clearsign file|mail [email protected] 
                     mail a clear-signed message to [email protected] 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --clearsign --not-dash-escaped patchfile 
                     clear-sign patchfile 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --verify file 
                     verify clear-signed file 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o file.sig -b file 
                     create detached signature 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o file.sig --detach-sign file 
                     , , 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg --verify file.sig file 
                     verify file with file.sig 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -r name -e file 
                     public-key encryption intended for name from file to binary crypt_file.gpg 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --recipient name --encrypt file 
                     , , 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -r name -e file 
                     public-key encryption intended for name from file to ASCII armored crypt_file.asc 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -c file 
                     symmetric encryption from file to crypt_file.gpg 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --symmetric file 
                     , , 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -c file 
                     symmetric encryption intended for name from file to ASCII armored crypt_file.asc 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o file -d crypt_file.gpg -r name 
                     decryption 
                  
    
                  
    
                     gpg -o file --decrypt crypt_file.gpg 
                     , , 
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
    

    List of source code merge tools
          
    
          
    
            
    
              
                
                
                
                
                
              
              
                
    
                   package 
                   popcon 
                   size 
                   command 
                   description 
                
    
                  
              
                
    
                  
                     patch 
                  
                  
                    V:98, I:699
                  
                  
                    248
                  
                  patch(1) 
                   apply a diff file to an original 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     vim 
                  
                  
                    V:94, I:374
                  
                  
                    3665
                  
                  vimdiff(1) 
                   compare 2 files side by side in vim 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     imediff 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    169
                  
                  imediff(1) 
                   interactive full screen 2/3-way merge tool 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     meld 
                  
                  
                    V:8, I:29
                  
                  
                    3500
                  
                  meld(1) 
                   compare and merge files (GTK) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     wiggle 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    174
                  
                  wiggle(1) 
                   apply rejected patches 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     diffutils 
                  
                  
                    V:859, I:996
                  
                  
                    1598
                  
                  diff(1) 
                   compare files line by line 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     diffutils 
                  
                  
                    V:859, I:996
                  
                  
                    1598
                  
                  diff3(1) 
                   compare and merges three files line by line 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     quilt 
                  
                  
                    V:2, I:23
                  
                  
                    774
                  
                  quilt(1) 
                   manage series of patches 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     wdiff 
                  
                  
                    V:7, I:52
                  
                  
                    648
                  
                  wdiff(1) 
                   display word differences between text files 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     diffstat 
                  
                  
                    V:13, I:123
                  
                  
                    74
                  
                  diffstat(1) 
                   produce a histogram of changes by the diff 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  combinediff(1) 
                   create a cumulative patch from two incremental patches 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  dehtmldiff(1) 
                   extract a diff from an HTML page 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  filterdiff(1) 
                   extract or excludes diffs from a diff file 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  fixcvsdiff(1) 
                   fix diff files created by CVS that patch(1) mis-interprets 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  flipdiff(1) 
                   exchange the order of two patches 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  grepdiff(1) 
                   show which files are modified by a patch matching a regex 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  interdiff(1) 
                   show differences between two unified diff files 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  lsdiff(1) 
                   show which files are modified by a patch 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  recountdiff(1) 
                   recompute counts and offsets in unified context diffs 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  rediff(1) 
                   fix offsets and counts of a hand-edited diff 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  splitdiff(1) 
                   separate out incremental patches 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     patchutils 
                  
                  
                    V:15, I:122
                  
                  
                    232
                  
                  unwrapdiff(1) 
                   demangle patches that have been word-wrapped 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     dirdiff 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:2
                  
                  
                    167
                  
                  dirdiff(1) 
                   display differences and merge changes between directory trees 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     docdiff 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    553
                  
                  docdiff(1) 
                   compare two files word by word / char by char 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     makepatch 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    100
                  
                  makepatch(1) 
                   generate extended patch files 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     makepatch 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    100
                  
                  applypatch(1) 
                   apply extended patch files 
                
    
                  
            
    
          
     diff -u file.old file.new > file.patch0
    
merge patch
     patch -p0 file < file.patch0
    patch -p1 file < file.patch1
     
     
    imediff -o file.merged file.old file.new
    imediff -o file.merged file.yours file.base file.theirs
     
    git related packages and commands
          
    
          
    
            
    
              
                
                
                
                
                
              
              
                
    
                   package 
                   popcon 
                   size 
                   command 
                   description 
                
    
                  
              
                
    
                  
                     git 
                  
                  
                    V:333, I:534
                  
                  
                    44963
                  
                  git(7) 
                   Git, the fast, scalable, distributed revision control system 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     gitk 
                  
                  
                    V:5, I:32
                  
                  
                    1814
                  
                  gitk(1) 
                   GUI Git repository browser with history 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     git-gui 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:17
                  
                  
                    2408
                  
                  git-gui(1) 
                   GUI for Git (No history) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     git-email 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:10
                  
                  
                    1062
                  
                  git-send-email(1) 
                   send a collection of patches as email from the Git 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     git-buildpackage 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:9
                  
                  
                    1990
                  
                  git-buildpackage(1) 
                   automate the Debian packaging with the Git 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     dgit 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:1
                  
                  
                    483
                  
                  dgit(1) 
                   git interoperability with the Debian archive 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     imediff 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    169
                  
                  git-ime(1) 
                   interactive git commit split helper tool 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     stgit 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    601
                  
                  stg(1) 
                   quilt on top of git (Python) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     git-doc 
                  
                  
                    I:12
                  
                  
                    13067
                  
                   N/A 
                   official documentation for Git 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     gitmagic 
                  
                  
                    I:0
                  
                  
                    721
                  
                   N/A 
                   "Git Magic", easier to understand guide for Git 
                
    
                  
            
    
          
    

    Git tips
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     Git command line 
                     function 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                     gitk --all 
                     see complete Git 
history and operate on them such as resetting HEAD to another commit, 
cheery-picking patches, creating tags and branches ... 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git stash 
                     get the clean working tree without loosing data 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git remote -v 
                     check settings for remote 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git branch -vv 
                     check settings for branch 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git status 
                     show working tree status 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git config -l 
                     list git settings 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git reset --hard HEAD; git clean -x -d -f 
                     revert all working tree changes and clean them up completely 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git rm --cached filename 
                     revert staged index changed by git add filename 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git reflog 
                     get reference log (useful for recovering commits from the removed branch)
                  
    
                  
    
                     git branch new_branch_name HEAD@{6} 
                     create a new branch from reflog information
                  
    
                  
    
                     git remote add new_remote URL 
                     add a new_remote remote repository pointed by URL 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git remote rename origin upstream 
                     rename the remote repository name from origin to upstream 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git branch -u upstream/branch_name 
                     set the remote tracking to the remote repository upstream and its branch name branch_name. 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git remote set-url origin https://foo/bar.git 
                     change URL of origin 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git remote set-url --push upstream DISABLED 
                     disable push to upstream (Edit .git/config to re-enable) 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git checkout -b topic_branch ; git push -u topic_branch origin 
                     make a new topic_branch and push it to origin
                  
    
                  
    
                     git branch -m oldname newname 
                     rename local branch name 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git push -d origin branch_to_be_removed 
                     remove remote branch (new method)
                  
    
                  
    
                     git push origin :branch_to_be_removed 
                     remove remote branch (old method)
                  
    
                  
    
                     git checkout --orphan unconnected 
                     create a new unconnected branch
                  
    
                  
    
                     git fetch upstream foo:upstream-foo 
                     create a local (possibly orphan) upstream-foo branch as a copy of foo branch the upstream repository 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git rebase -i origin/main 
                     reorder/drop/squish commits from origin/main to clean branch history 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git reset HEAD^; git commit --amend  
                     squash last 2 commits into one
                  
    
                  
    
                     git checkout topic_branch ; git merge --squash topic_branch  
                     squash entire topic_branch into a commit 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git fetch --unshallow --update-head-ok origin '+refs/heads/*:refs/heads/*'  
                     convert a shallow clone to the full clone of all branches 
                  
    
                  
    
                     git ime 
                     split the last commit into a series of file-by-file smaller commits etc. (imediff package required)
                  
    
                  
    
                     git repack -a -d; git prune 
                     repack the local repository into single pack (this may limit chance of lost data recovery from erased branch etc.)
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
    

    other version control system tools
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                  
                  
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     package 
                     popcon 
                     size 
                     tool 
                     VCS type 
                     comment 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                    
                       mercurial 
                    
                    
                      V:5, I:31
                    
                    
                      1049
                    
                     Mercurial 
                     distributed 
                     DVCS in Python and some C 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       darcs 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:4
                    
                    
                      34070
                    
                     Darcs 
                     distributed 
                     DVCS with smart algebra of patches (slow) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       bzr 
                    
                    
                      I:7
                    
                    
                      28
                    
                     Bazaar 
                     distributed 
                     DVCS influenced by tla written in Python (historic) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       tla 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:1
                    
                    
                      1022
                    
                     GNU arch 
                     distributed 
                     DVCS mainly by Tom Lord (historic) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       subversion 
                    
                    
                      V:13, I:75
                    
                    
                      4838
                    
                     Subversion 
                     remote 
                     "CVS done right", newer standard remote VCS (historic) 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       cvs 
                    
                    
                      V:3, I:28
                    
                    
                      4609
                    
                     CVS 
                     remote 
                     previous standard remote VCS (historic)
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       tkcvs 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:1
                    
                    
                      1498
                    
                     CVS, … 
                     remote 
                     GUI display of VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS) repository tree 
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       rcs 
                    
                    
                      V:2, I:12
                    
                    
                      564
                    
                     RCS 
                     local 
                     "Unix SCCS done right" (historic)
                  
    
                  
    
                    
                       cssc 
                    
                    
                      V:0, I:0
                    
                    
                      2044
                    
                     CSSC 
                     local 
                     clone of the Unix SCCS (historic) 
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
    

    iconv -f encoding1 -t encoding2 input.txt >output.txt
    List of encoding values and their usage
            
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
                  
                
                
                  
    
                     encoding value 
                     usage 
                  
    
                    
                
                  
    
                     ASCII 
                    American Standard Code for Information Interchange, 7 bit code w/o accented characters 
                  
    
                  
    
                     UTF-8 
                     current multilingual standard for all modern OSs 
                  
    
                  
    
                     ISO-8859-1 
                     old standard for western European languages, ASCII + accented characters 
                  
    
                  
    
                     ISO-8859-2 
                     old standard for eastern European languages, ASCII + accented characters 
                  
    
                  
    
                     ISO-8859-15 
                     old standard for western European languages, ISO-8859-1 with euro sign 
                  
    
                  
    
                     CP850 
                     code page 850, Microsoft DOS characters with graphics for western European languages, ISO-8859-1 variant 
                  
    
                  
    
                     CP932 
                     code page 932, Microsoft Windows style Shift-JIS variant for Japanese 
                  
    
                  
    
                     CP936 
                     code page 936, Microsoft Windows style GB2312, GBK or GB18030 variant for Simplified Chinese 
                  
    
                  
    
                     CP949 
                     code page 949, Microsoft Windows style EUC-KR or Unified Hangul Code variant for Korean 
                  
    
                  
    
                     CP950 
                     code page 950, Microsoft Windows style Big5 variant for Traditional Chinese 
                  
    
                  
    
                     CP1251 
                     code page 1251, Microsoft Windows style encoding for the Cyrillic alphabet 
                  
    
                  
    
                     CP1252 
                     code page 1252, Microsoft Windows style ISO-8859-15 variant for western European languages 
                  
    
                  
    
                     KOI8-R 
                     old Russian UNIX standard for the Cyrillic alphabet 
                  
    
                  
    
                     ISO-2022-JP 
                     standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes 
                  
    
                  
    
                     eucJP 
                     old Japanese UNIX standard 8 bit code and completely different from Shift-JIS 
                  
    
                  
    
                     Shift-JIS 
                     JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard for Japanese (see CP932) 
                  
    
                    
              
    
            
     
     
    iconv -f utf8 -t utf8 input.txt >/dev/null || echo "non-UTF-8 found"
     
    filename convert
    #!/bin/sh
ENCDN=iso-8859-1
for x in *;
 do
 mv "$x" "$(echo "$x" | iconv -f $ENCDN -t utf-8)"
done
     
     
 
    graphic data tools
          
    
          
    
            
    
              
                
                
                
                
                
              
              
                
    
                   package 
                   popcon 
                   size 
                   keyword 
                   description 
                
    
                  
              
                
    
                  
                     gimp 
                  
                  
                    V:50, I:260
                  
                  
                    19877
                  
                   image(bitmap) 
                   GNU Image Manipulation Program 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     imagemagick 
                  
                  
                    I:321
                  
                  
                    176
                  
                   image(bitmap) 
                   image manipulation programs 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     graphicsmagick 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:13
                  
                  
                    5510
                  
                   image(bitmap) 
                   image manipulation programs (fork of imagemagick) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     xsane 
                  
                  
                    V:12, I:148
                  
                  
                    2339
                  
                   image(bitmap) 
                   GTK-based X11 frontend for SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     netpbm 
                  
                  
                    V:27, I:330
                  
                  
                    8200
                  
                   image(bitmap) 
                   graphics conversion tools 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     icoutils 
                  
                  
                    V:7, I:54
                  
                  
                    221
                  
                   png↔ico(bitmap) 
                   convert MS Windows icons and cursors to and from PNG formats (favicon.ico) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     scribus 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:16
                  
                  
                    30242
                  
                   ps/pdf/SVG/… 
                  Scribus DTP editor 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     libreoffice-draw 
                  
                  
                    V:71, I:421
                  
                  
                    13525
                  
                   image(vector) 
                   LibreOffice office suite - drawing 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     inkscape 
                  
                  
                    V:14, I:122
                  
                  
                    99316
                  
                   image(vector) 
                  SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) editor 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     dia 
                  
                  
                    V:2, I:21
                  
                  
                    3908
                  
                   image(vector) 
                   diagram editor (Gtk) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     xfig 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:9
                  
                  
                    7825
                  
                   image(vector) 
                   Facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     pstoedit 
                  
                  
                    V:2, I:53
                  
                  
                    1003
                  
                   ps/pdf→image(vector) 
                   PostScript and PDF files to editable vector graphics converter (SVG) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     libwmf-bin 
                  
                  
                    V:6, I:130
                  
                  
                    151
                  
                   Windows/image(vector) 
                   Windows metafile (vector graphic data) conversion tools 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     fig2sxd 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    151
                  
                   fig→sxd(vector) 
                   convert XFig files to OpenOffice.org Draw format 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     unpaper 
                  
                  
                    V:2, I:17
                  
                  
                    412
                  
                   image→image 
                   post-processing tool for scanned pages for OCR 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     tesseract-ocr 
                  
                  
                    V:7, I:34
                  
                  
                    2135
                  
                   image→text 
                   free OCR software based on the HP's commercial OCR engine 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     tesseract-ocr-eng 
                  
                  
                    V:7, I:34
                  
                  
                    4032
                  
                   image→text 
                   OCR engine data: tesseract-ocr language files for English text 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     gocr 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:6
                  
                  
                    545
                  
                   image→text 
                   free OCR software 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     ocrad 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:3
                  
                  
                    578
                  
                   image→text 
                   free OCR software 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     eog 
                  
                  
                    V:57, I:270
                  
                  
                    7770
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   Eye of GNOME graphics viewer program 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     gthumb 
                  
                  
                    V:3, I:16
                  
                  
                    5321
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   image viewer and browser (GNOME) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     geeqie 
                  
                  
                    V:4, I:14
                  
                  
                    15402
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   image viewer using GTK 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     shotwell 
                  
                  
                    V:16, I:248
                  
                  
                    6187
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   digital photo organizer (GNOME) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     gtkam 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:2
                  
                  
                    1154
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   application for retrieving media from digital cameras (GTK) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     gphoto2 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:7
                  
                  
                    947
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   The gphoto2 digital camera command-line client 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     gwenview 
                  
                  
                    V:30, I:101
                  
                  
                    11755
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   image viewer (KDE) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     kamera 
                  
                  
                    I:101
                  
                  
                    983
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   digital camera support for KDE applications 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     digikam 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:9
                  
                  
                    292
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   digital photo management application for KDE 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     exiv2 
                  
                  
                    V:2, I:29
                  
                  
                    278
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   EXIF/IPTC metadata manipulation tool 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     exiftran 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:15
                  
                  
                    69
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   transform digital camera jpeg images 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     jhead 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:7
                  
                  
                    131
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   manipulate the non-image part of Exif compliant JPEG (digital camera photo) files 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     exif 
                  
                  
                    V:2, I:34
                  
                  
                    339
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   command-line utility to show EXIF information in JPEG files 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     exiftags 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:3
                  
                  
                    292
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   utility to read Exif tags from a digital camera JPEG file 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     exifprobe 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:3
                  
                  
                    499
                  
                   image(Exif) 
                   read metadata from digital pictures 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     dcraw 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:11
                  
                  
                    583
                  
                   image(Raw)→ppm 
                   decode raw digital camera images 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     findimagedupes 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:1
                  
                  
                    76
                  
                   image→fingerprint 
                   find visually similar or duplicate images 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     ale 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    839
                  
                   image→image 
                   merge images to increase fidelity or create mosaics 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     imageindex 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:1
                  
                  
                    145
                  
                   image(Exif)→html 
                   generate static HTML galleries from images 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     outguess 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:1
                  
                  
                    230
                  
                   jpeg,png 
                   universal Steganographic tool 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     librecad 
                  
                  
                    V:1, I:14
                  
                  
                    8798
                  
                   DXF 
                   CAD data editor (KDE) 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     blender 
                  
                  
                    V:2, I:30
                  
                  
                    89560
                  
                   blend, TIFF, VRML, … 
                   3D content editor for animation etc 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     mm3d 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    3881
                  
                   ms3d, obj, dxf, … 
                   OpenGL based 3D model editor 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     open-font-design-toolkit 
                  
                  
                    I:0
                  
                  
                    9
                  
                   ttf, ps, … 
                   metapackage for open font design 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     fontforge 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:6
                  
                  
                    3980
                  
                   ttf, ps, … 
                   font editor for PS, TrueType and OpenType fonts 
                
    
                
    
                  
                     xgridfit 
                  
                  
                    V:0, I:0
                  
                  
                    806
                  
                   ttf 
                   program for gridfitting and hinting TrueType fonts 
                
    
                  
            
    
          
    
            
                  
              
                    
                  
        
    
        
    

    

     
     
     
     
     
                  
                                       
    
            
    
              
    
                
                  
     
     
     
     
    https://github.com/systemd/mkosi
     
      
    src
    https://github.com/docker-linux/kali/blob/master/build-kali.sh
    https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Running_glibc_programs
    https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html 
    https://github.com/anomous/DietPi-Debian/
    https://github.com/debuerreotype/docker-debian-artifacts
    https://github.com/docker-library/official-images/tree/master
    https://github.com/elementary/os/blob/master/debootstrap-backport-zstd-support.patch  
    https://wiki.debian.org/DebianRepository/Format
     https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/aptitude/ch02s05s05.en.html
     https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/
    https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/index.en.html 
    https://newgtlds.icann.org/en/program-status/delegated-strings 
     
    

    


    

    

    

    








    

    

    

    

    

    


    

    

    

    

    

    


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