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Human Ancestors

Human Ancestors: Time Periods of Origin and Extinction


Sahelanthropus tchadensis     

~7–6 million years ago (mya)     ~6 mya     

One of the earliest known hominins, possibly close to the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees.


Orrorin tugenensis     

~6 mya     ~5.8 mya     

Early bipedal hominin found in Kenya, with some adaptations for tree climbing.


Ardipithecus kadabba     

~5.8–5.2 mya     ~5.2 mya     

Early hominin with traits suggesting a mix of bipedalism and tree-dwelling.


Ardipithecus ramidus     

~4.4 mya     ~4 mya     

Adapted for both walking and arboreal life, with a grasping big toe.


Australopithecus anamensis     

~4.2 mya     ~3.9 mya     

Early bipedal hominin, ancestor of later Australopithecus species.


Australopithecus afarensis     

~3.9 mya     ~3 mya     

Famous for "Lucy"; bipedal with some arboreal adaptations.


Australopithecus africanus     

~3–2 mya     ~2 mya     

A likely ancestor of early Homo species, with both human-like and ape-like traits.


Paranthropus aethiopicus     

~2.7 mya     ~2.3 mya     

Known for robust cranial features adapted for chewing tough vegetation.


Paranthropus boisei     

~2.3 mya     ~1.2 mya     

"Nutcracker Man"; known for powerful jaws and a diet of hard plant materials.


Paranthropus robustus     

~2 mya     ~1.2 mya     

Similar to P. boisei, with adaptations for chewing tough foods.


Homo habilis     

~2.4 mya     ~1.5 mya     

Earliest known member of the genus Homo, associated with simple stone tools.


Homo erectus     

~2 mya     ~110,000 years ago     

First hominin to leave Africa; advanced tool use and fire control.


Homo heidelbergensis     

~600,000 years ago     ~200,000 years ago     

Likely common ancestor of Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans.


Homo neanderthalensis     

~400,000 years ago     ~40,000 years ago     

Closest extinct relatives to modern humans; adapted to cold environments.


Denisovans     

~400,000 years ago     ~50,000 years ago     Paranthropus robustus    

A close relative of Neanderthals; known primarily from genetic evidence.


Homo floresiensis    

 ~100,000 years ago     ~50,000 years ago     

"Hobbit" species; small-bodied hominin found on the island of Flores.


Homo sapiens     

~300,000 years ago     Still extant     

Modern humans; known for advanced cognition, culture, and technology.

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